Lecanicillium fungicola: causal agent of dry bubble disease in white‐button mushroom
Roeland L. BerendsenJ.J.P. BaarsStefanie I. C. KalkhoveLuis G. LugonesHan A. B. WöstenPeter A. H. M. Bakker
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Abstract:
Lecanicillium fungicola causes dry bubble disease in commercially cultivated mushroom. This review summarizes current knowledge on the biology of the pathogen and the interaction between the pathogen and its most important host, the white-button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. The ecology of the pathogen is discussed with emphasis on host range, dispersal and primary source of infection. In addition, current knowledge on mushroom defence mechanisms is reviewed.Lecanicillium fungicola (Preuss) Zare and Gams: Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Subphylum Pezizomycotina; Class Sordariomycetes; Subclass Hypocreales; Order Hypocreomycetidae; Family Cordycipitaceae; genus Lecanicillium.Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus bitorquis and Pleurotus ostreatus. Although its pathogenicity for other species has not been established, it has been isolated from numerous other basidiomycetes.Disease symptoms vary from small necrotic lesions on the caps of the fruiting bodies to partially deformed fruiting bodies, called stipe blow-out, or totally deformed and undifferentiated masses of mushroom tissue, called dry bubble. The disease symptoms and severity depend on the time point of infection. Small necrotic lesions result from late infections on the fruiting bodies, whereas stipe blow-out and dry bubble are the result of interactions between the pathogen and the host in the casing layer.Lecanicillium fungicola is a devastating pathogen in the mushroom industry and causes significant losses in the commercial production of its main host, Agaricus bisporus. Annual costs for mushroom growers are estimated at 2-4% of total revenue. Reports on the disease originate mainly from North America and Europe. Although China is the main producer of white-button mushrooms in the world, little is known in the international literature about the impact of dry bubble disease in this region.The control of L. fungicola relies on strict hygiene and the use of fungicides. Few chemicals can be used for the control of dry bubble because the host is also sensitive to fungicides. Notably, the development of resistance of L. fungicola has been reported against the fungicides that are used to control dry bubble disease. In addition, some of these fungicides may be banned in the near future.http://www.mycobank.org; http://www.isms.biz; http://www.cbs.knaw.nl.Keywords:
Agaricus bisporus
Hypocreales
Stipe (mycology)
Agaricus
The cultivation of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus, also known as button mushroom, requires the use of substrates for its cultivation, such as chicken and/or horse manure and the application of manufacturing steps, such as storage and composting that produce odours. The odours may cause disturbance to people living near the plant and may be a problem for workers. This article examines some measures that can be taken to reduce the odorous emissions during the production of Agaricus bisporus. The possibility of recovery of some organic matter left from the cultivation is examined. Finally, some occupational hazards for workers are highlighted.
Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
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Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
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Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
Volvariella volvacea
Mushroom bodies
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미이라병은 우리나라의 양송이 재배농가에서 오래 전부터 발생하였으며, 최근에는 신령버섯 재배사에서 심하게 발생하였다 미이라병이 발생한 버섯재배 균상에서외국에서 보고된 전형적인 병징이 관찰되었다 즉 버섯의 갓이 한쪽으로 기울어지고, 버섯의 대의 내부가 변색과 함께 목질화되며, 대의 기부에 균사체가 과도생장하여 부풀고, 병든 버섯은 말라서 미이라가 된다 병든 버섯의 대의 내부조직을 얻어 투과전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과, 이미 미이라병의 특징으로 보고된 바 있는 버섯균사세포내부에 많은 세균이 존재하는 것이 관찰되었다. 우리나라 주요 버섯재배지역인 충남 부여의 버섯재배농장에서 2000년 동안 미이라병의 발생을 조사한 결과 양송이의 갈색종 재배에서는 약 55%, 그리고 신령버섯 재배에서는 약83%의 빈도로 이 병이 발생한 것으로 조사되었다. 이 결과는 미이라병이 양송이와 신령버섯 재배의 중요한 병임을 암시하고 있다. Mummy disease has been observed for a long time in the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus farms in Korea, and severe mummy disease occurred on “Shinryung” mushroom, A. blazei recently. Typical symptoms of mummy disease were observed on the mushroom-cultivation beds infected ; tilted caps of mushrooms, browning and lignified internal tissue of stipe, overdevelopment of mycelium around the base of the stipe, and mummified mushrooms. Electron micrographs prepared from internal tissue of stripe of the diseased mushrooms showed that many bacterial cells present inside hyphal cells of the diseased mushroom, which is one of the characteristics of mummy disease reported previously, Survey in Buyo, Chungnam showed that mummy disease occurred at 55% and 83% frequency on bottom mushroom (brown strain) and “Shinryung” mushroom cultivation during year 2000. It indicates that mummy disease is one of the major diseases for the mushrooms cultivation.
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Stipe (mycology)
Browning
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Medical microbiology
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Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
White (mutation)
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Background and Objective: Mushroom polysaccharides have many health benefits.This study aimed to extract and purify polysaccharides from edible mushroom and to investigate its in vitro antidiabetic activity.Materials and Methods: Agaricus bisporus (A.bisporus ) mushroom samples were collected at Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu.Extracted polysaccharides were characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR spectroscopy and the in vitro antidiabetic activity of the extracted polysaccharides was analyzed by "-amylase inhibitory activity.All data were expressed as mean standard deviations (SD) and SPSS version 16 was used for statistical analysis.Results: The highest inhibitory activity (78.85%) was detected at 2.0 mg mLG 1 .This result indicated that polysaccharide possessed higher inhibitory activity against "-amylase.Conclusion: Hence, the present study showed that mushroom polysaccharides displayed antidiabetic activity.Mushroom polysaccharides are yet to be explored for a lot of various pharmaceuticals for applications in near future.
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Mushrooms have been used by humans for millennia.The commonly cultivated mushrooms include Agaricus, Lentinus, Flammulina, Pleurotusand Volvariella.In India, Button mushroom (Agaricusbisporus)is the most commonly cultivated mushroom followed by Pleurotus (Shah et al., 2013).Mushrooms are mainly subjected to bacterial, fungal and viral diseases.The production of fruiting bodies is severely afflicted by fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens that can cause diseases which have an effect on yield and quality (Potocnik et al., 2008).Improper pasteurization of compost and casing soil can be the major source of diseases.Once the disease is introduced in the farm it can be carried out by the different agencies like air, water, machines and workers (Munshi et al., 2010).Fungal diseases commonly occurring in white button mushrooms include dry bubble (Verticillium spp.), cobweb (Cladobotryumspp.),green mould in compost (Trichoderma harzianum) and green mould on casing (Trichoderma viride).Over the past two decades, green mould caused by T. aggressivum has been the most serious disease of button mushroom.Among bacterial diseases, bacterial blotch (Pseudomonas tolaasii) is most common disease of white button mushrooms.Dieback is the most commonly occurring viral disease which is caused by various virus strains (Gupta et al., 2018).These diseases are a major threat to the mushroom industries worth millions as the losses due to these diseases may go up to 100%.Depending upon the stage and severity of the infection, quality of compost and the prevailing environmental conditions, these diseases often cause complete crop failure (Munshi et al., 2010).Considerable losses in cultivation process occur due to lower productivity, decrease in quality and shortened shelf-life.Moreover, mushroom cultivation with its rapidity of cropping makes a suitable environment for augmentation of pathogen inoculum and thus makes its control more difficult (Todorovic et al., 2012).
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Agaricus
Mushroom poisoning
White (mutation)
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The biomass of 18 strains of Agaricus subrufescens and of 13 strains of Agaricus bisporus was chemically analyzed using solid-state (13)C NMR. The study focused on polysaccharides because they can play a major role as antitumor molecules. The study also examined whether biomass chemical properties varied between the vegetative mycelium and the fruiting bodies of A. subrufescens, and these data were compared with the mycelium of A. bisporus. Qualitative differences between vegetative mycelia and fruiting bodies were observed, whereas quantitative differences were measured between the two species with a higher percentage of polysaccharides in the biomass of A. subrufescens. This Agaricus species is thus an interesting potential source of polysaccharides with medicinal properties, both from vegetative mycelium obtained in liquid cultures and from fruiting bodies produced on composts.
Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
Edible mushroom
Agaricales
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