3D Energetic Metal–Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Properties of High Energy Materials
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Energetic 3D MOFs: A structurally unique class of three-dimensional energetic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) was successfully synthesized and characterized. These MOFs have a good thermal stability and a low sensitivity to impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge. The depicted 3D porous MOF shows the unprecedented heat of detonation of 3.62 kcal g−1. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.Abstract As a promising method for synthesizing nanosized materials, detonation method was used to prepare TiO 2 nanoparticles. A new method for predicting the Chapman‐Jouguet (C‐J) detonation parameters of C a H b O c N d Ti e explosives, such as detonation heat, detonation temperature, and detonation pressure, was introduced according to the approximate reaction equations of detonation. The coefficient of oxygen balance of explosive was also calculated according to the specific detonation synthesis experiment. The calculation method was more useful in predicting the formation processes of detonation products and optimizing the experimental procedure. It could also support theory foundation for further experiments to some extent.
Nanocrystalline material
Oxygen balance
Detonation velocity
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Reflection
Mach reflection
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WT5”BZ]The comparative experimental study on the single detonation wave of an ethyne air mixture under various conditions was made.The effect of the detonation chamber closeness on the detonation wave formation was studied.It was found that the developed detonation wave (CJ detonation) was produced when the detonation chamber was completely closed,but the strength of the detonation wave was obviously decreased when one end of the detonation chamber was closed and the other end was open. [WT5”HZ]
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Abstract For the experimental determination of detonation parameters (such as detonation velocity, detonation pressure, detonation products mass velocity, detonation temperature, etc.) of an explosive, various dynamic methods, based on different physical principles, are applied. For this purpose, various experimental methods, as well as testing apparatuses and procedures, are used. At the same time, due to unusual (extreme) values of detonation parameters (detonation velocity reaches 10 mm/μs, detonation pressure up to 400 kbar, detonation temperature ranges from 2000 to 5000 K, duration time of the chemical reactions in the reaction zone is of the order of microseconds, and the width of the chemical reaction zone ranges from tenths of a micrometer to several millimetres), it is very difficult to achieve an entirely reliable experimental determination of some detonation parameters. Detonation velocity is one of the most important parameters of an explosive, which nowadays can be measured very accurately. Its measurement is based on the application of some detonation wave properties and various ultrafast signal recording techniques. This paper summarises research work done in this field.
Detonation velocity
Microsecond
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Equivalence ratio
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Abstract Precursor air shocks with velocities that are 50 % higher than the velocity of detonation occur not only in cylindrical holes, but also in flat slits. By attaching to the test charge a sufficiently long plexiglass body with the same hole or slit profiles it is possible to observe the end face of the test charge and, thus, to record the changes in the detonation profile caused by slits, in particular by such that are oblique to the direction of detonation. One result is, that there is no through‐detonation across thin slits that are at a flat angle to the detonation wave.
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We investigate the evolution of cylindrical cellular detonation with different instabilities. The numerical results show that with decreasing initial temperature, detonation becomes more unstable and the cells of the cylindrical detonation tend to be irregular. For stable detonation, a divergence of cylindrical detonation cells is formed eventually due to detonation instability resulting from a curved detonation front. For mildly unstable detonation, local overdriven detonation occurs. The detonation cell diverges and its size decreases. For highly unstable detonation, locally driven detonation is more obvious and the front is highly wrinkled. As a result, the diverging cylindrical detonation cell becomes highly irregular.
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Calculations of the interaction of plane (one-dimensional) and cellular (two-dimensional) detonation waves in hydrogen-air mixture with inert filters were carried out on the basis of the proposed physical and mathematical models, based on the detailed and reduced kinetics, describing such processes. The realized detonation regimes of attenuation and suppression of detonation were revealed. Comparison of results obtained by detailed and reduced kinetics showed that reduced kinetics gives overestimated detonation velocities compared to the detailed kinetics. But the obtained concentration limits of detonation practically equal to each other for both kinetics models. Comparison of processes of attenuation and suppression of plane and cellular detonation showed that the suppression of cellular detonation is more difficult to achieve compared to a plane detonation wave. Detonation failure criterion that shows that at the increasing the filter particles diameter, it is necessary to increase the volume concentration proportionally in order to successfully suppress detonation both in the case of a plane detonation wave and in the case of cellular detonation, was obtained.
Inert
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Point source
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Rotating detonation engines are studied more and more widely because of high thermodynamic efficiency and high specific impulse. Rotating detonation of hydrogen and oxygen was achieved in this study. Rotating detonation waves were observed by high speed cameras and detonation pressure traces were recorded by PCB pressure sensors. The velocity of rotating detonation waves is fluctuating during the run. Low frequency detonation instabilities, intermediate frequency detonation instabilities and high frequency detonation instabilities were discovered. They are relevant to unsteady heat release, acoustic oscillations and rotating detonation waves.
Detonation velocity
Specific impulse
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