Analysis of the Chemical Safety Facility Investment Performance in China
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This paper adopts the accident incidence, the gross industry output value, the investment in safety facilities, and per capita wage of employment as the indexes to empirically analyze the investment performance of chemical safety facilities using time series data by VECM in China. The empirical results indicate that for China’s chemical industry, increasing investment fails to improve the short-term safety level significantly because of the offsetting behavior of workers. Over the long term, the offsetting behavior tends to disappear, and the chemical accident incidence can be decreased through increasing investment. Poor safety awareness among workers is one of the causes of accident incidences. The conclusions provide theoretical support for China to perfect chemical industry safety management.Keywords:
Investment
Chemical industry
Morphine is one of the more ancient medicines known, yet the global access to this opioid is still severely limited. In spite of the fact that strong networks for national, regional and global care have been emerging, the overall situation of pain management, in general, and in cancer patients in specific, remains of great concern; when we examine the availability of pain relief drugs in Middle Eastern countries. The data presented in this abstract rely on the INCB annual reports. Consumption of Morphine. In the USA the consumption is on the rise and has reached over 76 mg/capita in the year 2007 (the global mean is 5.57 mg/capita). In Israel the consumption of morphine in 2007 is similar to that in 2004, a little above 3.0 mg/capita. In Cyprus during the year 2004-2007 the consumption was at about 2.8 mg/capita. In Jordan, morphine consumption has been on the rise since 2006 and is at about 2.0 mg/capita. In Lebanon, morphine consumption has been at a steady state (1.0 mg/capita) for the period 2004-2007. In Turkey, the consumption of morphine has been fluctuating at doses about 0.1 mg/capita fort the period 2004-2007. In Saudi Arabia, the consumption of morphine has been at very low doses of about 0.05 mg/capita for the same time period. In Egypt, the doss of consumption were fluctuating between 0.01-0.14 mg/capita during the years 2004-2007. When comparing the quantities of consumption in the various Middle Eastern countries with that in the United States (in year 2007), it became apparent that in the USA the consumption of morphine is: 10 times that in Israel; 27 times that in Cyprus; 38 times that in Jordan; 69 times that in Lebanon; 150 times that in Saudi Arabia; 447 times that in Turkey; 633 times that in Egypt. It is nowadays clear that the medial use of opioid drugs is indispensable for the relief of pain and suffering; and most developing countries use very small amounts of morphine.
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With the theory of ecological footprint put forward by Wackernagel,etc,this paper calculated Wuhu's per capita farmland ecological footprint,per capita ecological capacity farmland bearing and per capita ecological deficit from 1996 to 2005.Apply the grey prediction theory,constructed model GM(1,1) of the these of Wuhu City,and set up the time line using 1996-2005,and then computed it,checked it out,forecasted the future,at last we could gain per capita farmland ecological footprint,per capita ecological capacity farmland bearing and per capita ecological deficit in the future in Wuhu City.Lastly the calculation result proved that this method was feasible and effective.The result showed:In the following five years,Wuhu's per capita farmland ecological footprint increased tardily and fluctuated,per capita ecological capacity farmland bearing decreased slowly,while per capita ecological deficit augmented step by step.
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This paper calculated ecological footprint per capita and ecological capacity per capita in Jilin Province during 1996 and 2010 by using the ecological footprint theory,analyzed the dynamic changes of ecological footprint per capita and ecological capacity per capita,and obtained development prediction model of ecological footprint per capita and ecological capacity per capita by using the analysis of SPSS statistical software.The results indicated the ecological footprint per capita had ascended firstly and then descended between 1996 and 1998.It increased continuously from 1.784 1 hm2 per capita to 3.201 3 hm2 per capita between 1998 and 2010,and ecological capacity per capita dropped from 1.371 0 hm2 per capita to 1.302 8 hm2 per capita between 1996 and 2010.In the same period,ecological deficit had increased from 0.560 1 hm2 per capita to 1.898 5 hm2 per capita,indicating that the development of Jilin Province was in an unsustainable status.Ecological footprint per 10 000 RMB GDP dropped from 3.769 2 hm2 to 1.014 4 hm2 and had the trend of further reduction.The development prediction model showed the ecological footprint per capita in Jilin Province would increase from 3.420 1 hm2 per capita to 6.007 3 hm2 per capita between 2011 and 2025,ecological capacity per capita would drop from 1.300 1 hm2 per capita to 1.258 1 hm2 per capita and ecological deficit would increase from 2.120 0 hm2 per capita to 4.749 2 hm2 per capita.Jilin Province must take a series of effective measures to change the existing mode of economic development and improve scientific and technological innovation,and promote the quality of the people.Otherwise,the ecological deficit will continue to increase,the situation of sustainable development will deteriorate further.
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China has made significant achievements attracting worldwide attention in the field of heavy chemical industry during 30 years of reform and opening up.But this kind of chemical manufacturing industry featuring resource-intensity and capital concentration has revealed now contradiction of supply exceeding demand.Fine chemical industry will become the development trend of Chinese chemical industry as the long tail economy of chemical industry.According to the characters of fine chemical industry and the 17th congress spirit,we should combine the industrialization and information by way of adjustment and optimization of the products mix of fine chemicals to promote changing Chinese chemical industry from a big one to a giant.
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Aims: Alcohol is a substantial risk factor for mortality and the burden of disease globally. In accordance with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol, we estimated recorded, unrecorded, tourist, and total adult per capita consumption by country and WHO sub-region for 2008, and characterized the association between per capita consumption of alcohol and gross domestic product (GDP-PPP) per capita. Methods: Using data from the Global Information System on Alcohol and Health database ( World Health Organization, 2010 a) and the 2005 Global Burden of Disease study ( Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2010 ) on adult per capita consumption of alcohol, we estimated recorded adult per capita consumption for 2008 through time series analyses for 189 countries within WHO sub-regions, and then from these estimates calculated recorded adult per capita consumption estimates for each of the WHO sub-regions. Estimates for populations were obtained for 2008 from the United Nations Populations Division. 2008 GDP-PPP data by country (N = 178) were obtained from the International Monetary Fund. Results: Adult per capita consumption of alcohol in 2008 is estimated to have been 6.04 litres (95 % CI: 4.43 to 7.65). This can be broken down into 4.39 l (95 % CI: 3.72 to 4.86) of recorded per capita consumption of alcohol, 1.75 l (95 %CI: 0.25 to 3.25) of unrecorded per capita consumption of alcohol, and 0.00 l (95 %CI: 0.00 to 0.129) per capita consumption of alcohol consumed by tourists. Adult per capita consumption was highest for the European regions and lowest for the Eastern Mediterranean region. Total adult per capita consumption of alcohol showed an increase as GDP-PPP increased until approximately 15,000 international dollars of GDP-PPP per capita. Recorded consumption showed a general increase with GDP-PPP. Unrecorded consumption showed a U-shaped association with GDP-PPP per capita, with countries with the lowest and highest GDP-PPPs per capita having the lowest unrecorded adult per capita consumption of alcohol. Conclusions: In accordance with the WHO’s global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol, we present estimates of the recorded, unrecorded, tourist, and total adult per capita alcohol consumption for 189 countries and the 14 WHO sub-regions. Accurate and up-to-date estimates of alcohol consumption are imperative for monitoring and developing effective strategies to control the large and increasing global alcohol-attributable burden of disease and injury.
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The paper calculates ecological footprint per capita and ecological capacity per capita in the Jilin province during 1998 and 2010 by using the ecological footprint theory, and analyzes the dynamic changes of ecological footprint per capita and ecological capacity per capita, and obtains development prediction model of ecological footprint per capita and ecological capacity per capita based on grey prediction model. The results indicate the ecological footprint per capita had increased continuously from 1.7841 hm 2 per capita to 3.2013 hm 2 per capita between 1998 and 2010. During this period, ecological capacity per capita dropped from 1.3535 hm 2 per capita to 1.3028 hm 2 per capita. Ecological deficit had increased from 0.4306 hm 2 per capita to 1.8985 hm 2 per capita that showed that the development of Jilin province was in an unsustainable status. The gray prediction model shows the ecological footprint per capita in the Jilin province will increase from 3.4833 hm 2 per capita to 5.7022 hm 2 per capita between 2011 and 2020, ecological capacity per capita will drop from 1.2978 hm 2 per capita to 1.2676 hm 2 per capita and ecological deficit will increase from 2.1855 hm 2 per capita to 4.4346 hm 2 per capita.
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Objective: The goal of this study was to examine how well per capita alcohol consumption figures derived from beverage sales data relate to changes over time in survey-based measures of drinking patterns. It was expected that strong associations would be found among these various measures of consumption. Method: Data from 12 household surveys conducted in Ontario between 1977 and 1997 provided information on: percentages of drinkers; daily drinkers; those drinking five or more drinks at a sitting weekly; those reporting two or more alcohol-related harms; and average number of drinks per week. These variables were then correlated with per capita consumption. Results: Significant correlations were found only between per capita consumption and percentage of daily drinkers, and between percentage of drinkers and average number of drinks per week. Conclusions: The relationship of per capita consumption to survey measures of drinking is weak. The absence of consistent associations over time between per capita consumption and survey measures may be attributable to the small number of available data points or to increases in unrecorded consumption. Further research is needed to verify and explain these results.
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Opposite trends in the consumption of manufactured and roll-your-own cigarettes in Spain (1991–2020)
The aim of this study is to describe trends in the consumption of manufactured and roll-your-own cigarettes between 1991 and 2012 in Spain, and to project these trends up to 2020.We estimated daily consumption per capita during 1991-2012 using data on sales of manufactured cigarettes (20-packs) and rolling tobacco (kg) from the Tobacco Market Commission, and using data of the Spanish adult population from the National Statistics Institute. We considered different weights (0.5, 0.8 and 1 g) to compute the number of rolled cigarettes per capita. We computed the annual per cent of change and assessed possible changes in trends using joinpoint regression, and projected the consumption up to 2020 using Bayesian methods.Daily consumption per capita of manufactured cigarettes decreased on average by 3.0% per year in 1991-2012, from 7.6 to 3.8 units, with three trend changes. However, daily consumption per capita of roll-your-own cigarettes increased on average by 14.1% per year, from 0.07 to 0.92 units of 0.5 g, with unchanged trends. Together, daily consumption per capita decreased between 2.9% and 2.5%, depending on the weight of the roll-your-own cigarettes. Projections up to 2020 indicate a decrease of manufactured cigarettes (1.75 units per capita) but an increase of roll-your-own cigarettes (1.25 units per capita).While the consumption per capita of manufactured cigarettes has decreased in the past years in Spain, the consumption of roll-your-own cigarettes has increased at an annual rate around 14% over the past years. Whereas a net decrease in cigarette consumption is expected in the future, use of roll-your-own cigarettes will continue to increase.
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Per capita waer use is one of the most important variables in the evaluation of amounts of water consumption and in the planning of water supply systems. The estimating procedures, that have hitherto been adopted in the past Japanese studies dealing with municiplities, are far from being justifiable. This paper discusses problems on the estimate of per capita water use, based on a case study of IchiharaShi, Chiba Prefecture. In conclusion, the follwings are emphasized for the detailed estimate of per capita water use: municipal water demands depend on the two sorts of water users, that is, residential users and users who consume a large quantity of water such as public baths, hotels, big stores and industries. These two should clearly be differentiated from each other in studies on municipal water demands. It is of importance that per capita water use is estimated on the basis of amounts of water used for just residential purposes.
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