Renewable sources at offshore petroleum and gas production platforms
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The petroleum and chemical industries are facing pressure to become more energy efficient and sustainable. The use of green energy is a feasible option to address that issue. This paper discusses the application of various source technologies available to offshore petroleum and gas production platforms. The pros and cons of each source is considered, as applied to critical systems, including safety systems. A hybrid system using photovoltaic cells and wind generation, installed on an offshore platform in Brazil is reviewed.Keywords:
Sustainable Energy
Energy source
Energy source
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Fourteen petroleum systems with Upper Jurassic source rocks contain one quarter of the world's discovered oil and gas. Eleven other systems with Lower and Middle Jurassic source rocks presently have a minor but significant amount of discovered oil and gas. The purpose of this article is to review the systems geologically, describe their location in space and time on a continental scale, estimate their relative petroleum system recovery efficiencies, and outline the effect their essential elements and processes have on their petroleum plumbing.
Energy source
Petroleum geochemistry
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In this paper, we emphasize the opportunity to capitalize Romania’s offshore wind potential by creating fixed and floating offshore platforms and by using HVDC- type solutions for the transport of produced electricity.
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Offshore wind energy has been attracting great attention. Compared with onshore wind power systems, offshore wind power applications present significantly greater economic challenges mainly due to the required bulky and costly offshore substation. To lower the cost of offshore wind power systems, various configurations are proposed in both industry and academia. The present work investigates existing offshore wind farm configurations.
Sea breeze
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An efficient, well-balanced North Sea Offshore Grid (NSOG) requires an area-based approach for large-scale OWF deployment. However, the essential coordination of environmental, spatial and energy planning at a basin scale is lacking. This study offers a systematic approach for unidirectional coupling of potentials( ), with an integrated energy system model, IESA-NS. Under the NSOG concept, we calculate spatial potentials for 8 predefined energy hubs(clusters). By combining the potential spatial availability, deployment and energy system costs(IESA-NS) and the risk management options (OWFs/fisheries/marine protected areas-MPA), we unfold trade-offs emerging in the planning of the future NSOG. Hence, a lower-cost NSOG, in reaching the North Sea 2050 energy targets, depends on integrated, collaborative space management, fast deployment of fixed-bottom OWFs by 2030(3.5 times the current capacity) and multi-use with static gear fisheries (Cluster 3) and MPAs (Cluster 7). Alternatively, a higher-cost NSOG with lower impacts on the MPAs and fisheries, is highly dependent on floating OWFs (32.6GWs by 2030), from 2 British NSOG clusters. In both cases, floating OWFs are essential, the effective use of cluster space requires basin-scale collaboration (Cluster 7-Dogger Bank), and the untapped potential of Cluster 8(floating OWFs) can lower the pressure on other NSOG clusters.
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Summary Proven source rocks in offshore eastern Canada are Upper Jurassic in age. Although their occurrence is widespread offshore Europe and Morocco, good evidence for Lower Jurassic petroleum systems has been lacking for offshore eastern Canada. We have characterized Lower Jurassic oil-prone source rocks and related stains in wells drilled on the Southern Grand Banks. Additionally, staining at Mic Mac J-77 and Erie D-26 and other nearby wells on the Scotian Shelf, shows many biomarker differences to Tithonian source hydrocarbons and suggests the presence of more oil-prone source rocks that are thought to be most likely Lower Jurassic. There is some evidence that petroleum seeps on the deep-water Scotian Slope could also have a Lower Jurassic source. The presence of these Lower Jurassic petroleum systems is especially significant for areas of offshore eastern Canada such as the Southern Grand Banks where one of the biggest risks to exploration has been the absence of Upper Jurassic source rocks.
Petroleum exploration
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World offshore petroleum resource is abundant.With rapid economic development and onshore exploration becoming mature,the exploration and development for offshore petroleum resource has gradually become a hot spot.Two databases of IHS and USGS(United States Geology Survey) suggested that the recoverable oil and gas reserve would be 1321.5 billion barrels oil equivalent,about 35.8% of world total petroleum reserve.They are distributed in 12 regions around offshore.The undiscovered oil and gas resources in offshore are not uniformly distributed in the world.By statistics of undiscovered petroleum resources and exploration layers in the main global offshore basins,the first and second class potential exploration areas are 16 basins,10 of which was in the moderate exploration degree for undiscovered oil and gas resources,accounting for 42% of total resource.So it is good target for petroleum exploration.
Oil reserves
Petroleum exploration
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Offshore energy hubs connect large amounts of offshore wind to a hub from where the generation can be transmitted to onshore, potentially linking to multiple surrounding countries. The benefits of such hubs, and the related meshed offshore grid to connect them, have been investigated in the North Sea. The system-wide impacts of offshore energy hubs in the Baltic Sea are less studied; however, the region is seeing increased interest in offshore wind development. This paper uses detailed offshore wind generation simulations and energy system optimisation to investigate the cost-effectiveness of offshore energy hubs in the Baltic Sea in different scenarios towards 2050. The results show that the largest deployment of offshore energy hubs occurs when the energy system is highly electrified. The strongest development of the offshore energy hubs occurs in the southern part of the Baltic Sea.
Baltic sea
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Currently there is a high interest in offshore grids, especially can be mentioned the matter of increasing power generation from offshore wind farms, supplying offshore loads and cross-border connections. In this article typical elements incorporated within offshore grids will be mentioned: wind farms, high power loads, gas turbines and marine current farms. The aim of this article is to comment on means of modelling methods for angle stability analysis within offshore grids. Furthermore, this article dissertates about exemplary results of stability analysis of offshore grid test model.
Power grid
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