Broomrape Can Acquire Viruses from Its Hosts
Amit Gal‐OnAnna NaglisDiana LeibmanHammam ZiadnaKathir KathiravanLambros C. PapayiannisVered HoldengreberDana Guenoune-GelbertMoshe LapidotRadi Aly
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Abstract:
Broomrapes (Phelipanche, formerly Orobanche) are parasitic plants that physically connect with the vascular systems of their hosts through haustorial structures. In this study, we found that Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) translocate from infected host plants to Phelipanche aegyptiaca. In order to examine whether these viruses, and specifically CMV, replicate in the parasite, we tested several replication parameters. We detected accumulation of both plus and minus strands of CMV genomic RNA and CMV-derived siRNAs in the shoots of Phelipanche grown on CMV-infected tobacco and tomato plants. We purified CMV particles from Phelipanche grown on CMV-infected plants. These particles were present in amounts comparable to those found in the hosts' leaves. These data indicate that CMV replicates in Phelipanche tissues. In addition, viable ToMV and PVY were observed, and the plus and minus strand RNAs of ToMV were detected in Phelipanche shoots grown on infected hosts. However, we found only low levels of ToMV coat protein and did not detect any PVY coat protein. We also detected genomic TYLCV DNA in shoots of Phelipanche grown on TYLCV-infected tomato. Thus, for the first time, we demonstrate that broomrape is a host for at least one plant virus CMV, and possibly various other viruses.Keywords:
Orobanche
Obligate parasite
Tobamovirus
Broomrapes (Phelipanche, formerly Orobanche) are parasitic plants that physically connect with the vascular systems of their hosts through haustorial structures. In this study, we found that Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) translocate from infected host plants to Phelipanche aegyptiaca. In order to examine whether these viruses, and specifically CMV, replicate in the parasite, we tested several replication parameters. We detected accumulation of both plus and minus strands of CMV genomic RNA and CMV-derived siRNAs in the shoots of Phelipanche grown on CMV-infected tobacco and tomato plants. We purified CMV particles from Phelipanche grown on CMV-infected plants. These particles were present in amounts comparable to those found in the hosts' leaves. These data indicate that CMV replicates in Phelipanche tissues. In addition, viable ToMV and PVY were observed, and the plus and minus strand RNAs of ToMV were detected in Phelipanche shoots grown on infected hosts. However, we found only low levels of ToMV coat protein and did not detect any PVY coat protein. We also detected genomic TYLCV DNA in shoots of Phelipanche grown on TYLCV-infected tomato. Thus, for the first time, we demonstrate that broomrape is a host for at least one plant virus CMV, and possibly various other viruses.
Orobanche
Obligate parasite
Tobamovirus
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Abstract Surprisingly little is known about what determines a parasite's host range, which is essential in enabling us to predict the fate of novel infections. In this study, we evaluate the importance of both host and parasite phylogeny in determining the ability of parasites to infect novel host species. Using experimental lab assays, we infected 24 taxonomically diverse species of Drosophila flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae) with five different nematode species (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae: Howardula, Parasitylenchus), and measured parasite infection success, growth, and effects on female host fecundity (i.e., virulence). These nematodes are obligate parasites of mushroom-feeding Drosophila, particularly quinaria and testacea group species, often with severe fitness consequences on their hosts. We show that the potential host ranges of the nematodes are much larger than their actual ranges, even for parasites with only one known host species in nature. Novel hosts that are distantly related from the native host are much less likely to be infected, but among more closely related hosts, there is much variation in susceptibility. Potential host ranges differ greatly between the related parasite species. All nematode species that successfully infected novel hosts produced infective juveniles in these hosts. Most novel infections did not result in significant reductions in the fecundity of female hosts, with one exception: the host specialist Parasitylenchus nearcticus sterilized all quinaria group hosts, only one of which is a host in nature. The large potential host ranges of these parasites, in combination with the high potential for host colonization due to shared mushroom breeding sites, explain the widespread host switching observed in comparisons of nematode and Drosophila phylogenies.
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Surprisingly little is known about what determines a parasite's host range, which is essential in enabling us to predict the fate of novel infections. In this study, we evaluate the importance of both host and parasite phylogeny in determining the ability of parasites to infect novel host species. Using experimental lab assays, we infected 24 taxonomically diverse species of Drosophila flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae) with five different nematode species (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae: Howardula, Parasitylenchus), and measured parasite infection success, growth, and effects on female host fecundity (i.e., virulence). These nematodes are obligate parasites of mushroom-feeding Drosophila, particularly quinaria and testacea group species, often with severe fitness consequences on their hosts. We show that the potential host ranges of the nematodes are much larger than their actual ranges, even for parasites with only one known host species in nature. Novel hosts that are distantly related from the native host are much less likely to be infected, but among more closely related hosts, there is much variation in susceptibility. Potential host ranges differ greatly between the related parasite species. All nematode species that successfully infected novel hosts produced infective juveniles in these hosts. Most novel infections did not result in significant reductions in the fecundity of female hosts, with one exception: the host specialist Parasitylenchus nearcticus sterilized all quinaria group hosts, only one of which is a host in nature. The large potential host ranges of these parasites, in combination with the high potential for host colonization due to shared mushroom breeding sites, explain the widespread host switching observed in comparisons of nematode and Drosophila phylogenies.
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Abstract If parasites decrease the fitness of their hosts one could expect selection for host traits (e.g. resistance and tolerance) that decrease the negative effects of parasitic infection. To study selection caused by parasitism, we used a novel study system: we grew host plants (Urtica dioica) that originated from previously parasitized and unparasitized natural populations (four of each) with or without a holoparasitic plant (Cuscuta europaea). Infectivity of the parasite (i.e. qualitative resistance of the host) did not differ between the two host types. Parasites grown with hosts from parasitized populations had lower performance than parasites grown with hosts from unparasitized populations, indicating host resistance in terms of parasite’s performance (i.e. quantitative resistance). However, our results suggest that the tolerance of parasitic infection was lower in hosts from parasitized populations compared with hosts from unparasitized populations as indicated by the lower above-ground vegetative biomass of the infected host plants from previously parasitized populations.
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Анализ наиболее вредоносных вирусных фитопатогенов на предприятиях защищенного грунта показывает, что проникновение новых видов с семенами и готовой продукцией из других регионов и стран подвергает производство томата большому риску. Главная проблема выявления заражения длительный инкубационный период для вирусных болезней и необходимость инструментальных методов идентификации патогена. Достижения в области иммунологического и молекулярного анализа вирусов растений позволяют технически обнаруживать большое число новых видов и биотипов, сводя проблему диагностики к вопросу экономической целесообразности такого анализа. Для того, чтобы определить минимальный набор диагностируемых видов, необходимо оценить разнообразие вирусов, поражающих томат, и риск их распространения в тепличных хозяйствах Российской Федерации. Авторы анализируют ранее опубликованные данные по зараженности томата в мире и РФ для определения наиболее опасных вирусов, которые могут нанести существенный ущерб производству томата. Если учитывать число видов и наносимый ущерб, то на первых местах находятся ДНК-вирусы семейств Geminiviridae (включая род Begomovirus) и РНК-вирусы родов Tobamovirus, Cucumovirus и некоторых других. Среди вирусов с максимальным потенциальным риском бегомовирус желтой курчавости листьев томата (TYLCV). Проблемы, вызываемые бегомовирусами, в том числе TYLCV и его многочисленными локальными вариантами, связаны в первую очередь с распространением биотипа B табачной белокрылки. Он способен размножаться на широком круге растений и служит своеобразным аккумулятором вирусов может переносить около 100 различных видов. Вирус коричневой (бронзовой) морщинистости плода (ToBRFV, род Tobamovirus) был обнаружен в 2015 году в Иордании, и представляет значительный риск для всего производства томатов РФ. Поскольку противовирусные препараты недоступны, стратегии борьбы с ними основываются на генетической устойчивости растений, уничтожении переносчиков и на карантинных мерах по предотвращению заболеваний, а также на дезинфекции теплиц. Расширение международной торговли растительными продуктами повысило риск ввоза новых вирусов в растительные экосистемы с идеальными условиями для заражения растений, развития вирусов и их сохранения в течение круглого года. Изменение климатических условий может способствовать успешному распространению привнесенных вирусов и их переносчиков в экосистемы открытого грунта. Analysis of the most harmful viruses pathogenic for tomato in greenhouses shows that the spreading of new species occurs with seeds and fruits from other regions and countries, and exposes tomato production to a great risk. Long latent period for virus diseases and the need for instrumental methods of pathogen identification are the main problem for identifying the pathogen and source of infection, and decision making for its control Advances in the field of immunological and molecular analysis of plant viruses allow technically a detection of a number of virus species and biotypes, reducing the problem of diagnosis to the question of economic feasibility of such work. In order to determine the minimum set of diagnosed virus species, the diversity of viruses that infect tomatoes and the risk of their spreading in greenhouses in the Russian Federation as assayed. We analyzed some previously published data on tomato viruses across the world and the Russian Federation to determine the most harmful viruses that can cause significant damage to tomato production. Taking in account the number of species and the damage caused, the first places are hold by DNA viruses Geminiviridae (including genus Begomovirus), and RNA-virus genera Tobamovirus, Cucumovirus and some others. Among the viruses with the highest potential risk is the tomato leaf yellow curl virus (TYLCV). Problems caused by begomoviruses, including TYLCV and related species are primarily associated with the spread of the tobacco whitefly biotype B. It is able to reproduce on wide range of host plants and serves as reservoir of viruses it can a vector for about 100 species. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV, genus Tobamovirus) was discovered in 2015 in Jordan, and represents a significant risk for the entire production of tomatoes in the Russian Federation. Antiviral pesticides are not available, and control strategies rely on genetic resistance or phytosanitary measures to prevent diseases, or on eradication of diseased crops and vectors, and greenhouses sanitation. Increasing international travel and trade of plant materials enhances the risk of introducing new viruses and their vectors into production systems. In addition, changing climate conditions can contribute to a successful spread of newly introduced viruses or their vectors to agro-ecosystems in areas that were previously free of those viruses.
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Tobamovirus
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