On the Passivity of Iron★
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Abstract Descriptions are given of the various phenomena associated with the passivation and reactivation of iron in concentrated nitric acid. Covered are apparent and true passivation potential, apparent and true passivation current density, passivity producing and passivity maintaining current density. Information is given also on equivalent current density in a redox system, the role of nitrous acid in passivation by concentrated nitric acid, the corrosion of passive iron, refractoriness toward activation, rhythms and activity waves.Keywords:
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Passivity and dissipativity are energy-like concepts, widely used in control design, that capture the "energy" consumption of a dynamical system and therefore relate closely to the physical world. Passivity indices of a system are measures of its passivity margins and represent shortage and excess of passivity in a system. With the aid of passivity indices, one can measure how passive a system is, or how far from passivity it is. Passivity indices extend all the analysis and design methods based on passivity to nonpassive systems as well. One of the advantages of using passivity is its tight relationship to stability. Another is its compositionality, which, together with its generality, makes it possible to use passivity in a wide range of complex control systems. In the present entry, an overview of dissipativity and passivity is given. Passivity indices of a system and their relation to stability are defined, and methods to find the indices are presented.
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Passivity and dissipativity are energy-like concepts, widely used in control design, that capture the "energy" consumption of a dynamical system and therefore relate closely to the physical world. Passivity indices of a system are measures of its passivity margins and represent shortage and excess of passivity in a system. With the aid of passivity indices, one can measure how passive a system is, or how far from passivity it is. Passivity indices extend all the analysis and design methods based on passivity to nonpassive systems as well. One of the advantages of using passivity is its tight relationship to stability. Another is its compositionality, which, together with its generality, makes it possible to use passivity in a wide range of complex control systems. In the present entry, an overview of dissipativity and passivity is given. Passivity indices of a system and their relation to stability are defined, and methods to find the indices are presented.
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Floating junction (FJ) passivation is a relatively recent passivation scheme which has both experimentally and theoretically demonstrated superior passivation than either oxide or back surface field passivation. In addition, it is suited not only to high efficiency laboratory cells, but also to commercial solar cells. The improvement in surface passivation for commercial cells is an especially critical issue in achieving lower cost solar cells through reducing substrate thickness while simultaneously increasing efficiency. Despite the many advantages of FJ passivation, its applicability has been limited by the apparent inability to translate the excellent modelling results into actual solar cells. The objective of this paper is to present a complete analysis of FJ passivation and to demonstrate a method by which the problems with FJ passivation can be eliminated. Experimental evidence as well as theoretical modelling demonstrates that a solar cell with an optimized rear FJ is insensitive to parasitic effects.
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The electrochemical performance of 317L stainless steel used in medicine under different conditions of passivation (different contents of HNO3 solution, different passivation time and different passivation temperatures) was studied. The results show that the pitting potential of 317L stainless steel used in medicine can reach about 1.0 V (SCE) when electrochemically tested in 0.9% NaCl solution after the steel was passivated in 30% HNO3 solution at 35℃ for 6 h, which indicates that the passivation film has a relatively strong resistance to corrosion. The results also show that the corrosion resistance of the passivation film on the surface of 317SS can be increased after suitable amount of K2Cr2O7 is added into HNO3 passivation solution.
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An environmentally acceptable Cr-and P-free passivation agent SF-563 suitable for coating of Al wares was developed.The optimized passivation technology was established,and the properties of as-obtained passivation coating were evaluated.As the results,the optimized passivation parameters are suggested as bath concentration of 2%(mass fraction),pH value of 2.5～3.5,passivation time of 60～90 s,and passivation temperature of 10～35 ℃.Upon completion of passivation,the treated Al alloy surface does not need to be washed with water and can be directly dried at a maximum temperature of 120 ℃.Besides,the high-performance chemical conversion coating obtained under the optimized passivation parameters possesses excellent performance comparable to that of hexavalent Cr passivation coating,showing promising application in pre-treatment of Al alloy wares before coating.
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This paper presents a framework for control design of interconnected nonlinear switched systems using passivity and passivity indices. Background material is presented on the concept of passivity indices for continuously-varying systems. The passivity indices are then generalized to apply to switched systems to measure the level of passivity in a system. The main result of the paper shows how the indices can be compared between two systems in feedback to verify stability. It is explained how this theorem can be used as a control design tool for general nonlinear switched systems. An example is provided to demonstrate this design method. The connection between passivity indices and conic systems theory is summarized in the appendix.
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Abstract Descriptions are given of the various phenomena associated with the passivation and reactivation of iron in concentrated nitric acid. Covered are apparent and true passivation potential, apparent and true passivation current density, passivity producing and passivity maintaining current density. Information is given also on equivalent current density in a redox system, the role of nitrous acid in passivation by concentrated nitric acid, the corrosion of passive iron, refractoriness toward activation, rhythms and activity waves.
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Nitric acid
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