Effect of diet and smoking on serum lycopene and lipid peroxidation
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TBARS
Thiobarbituric acid
Tumor growth can often induce signs of oxidative stress in host organism. To assess the situation as for melanoma, the oxidative stress markers (specific malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid complexes: MDA-TBA; and less specific thiobarbituric acid reactive substances: TBARS) were measured in sera, liver and tumors of B16- and Cloudman S91- bearing mice and compared to those of control animals. The MDA-TBA levels (unlike TBARS) in the sera and liver of melanoma-bearing mice were significantly lower compared to controls. In addition, a significantly higher concentration of vitamin E was found in the blood and liver of both melanoma models compared to controls. Contrary to expectation, it appears that melanoma-bearing mice are able to suppress the level of lipid peroxidation. The free radical balance in melanoma-bearing hosts is unique and differs from other tumor types. This should be taken into consideration when designing a human melanoma therapy.
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Abstract Lycopene is the major carotenoid in tomatoes. Tomatoes contain a matrix of many bioactive components, including vitamin C, vitamin E, other carotenoids (a‐, β‐, γ‐ carotene, lutein), and flavonoids. Their synergistic interactions, when used in combination, may be responsible for the observed beneficial effects of tomato‐based products. This study investigated the synergistic antioxidant activity of lycopene in combination with β‐carotene, vitamin E, and lutein. A liposome system was used to test the synergistic antioxidant activity. The carotenoid mixtures were more efficient in protecting liposome from oxidation than the individual carotenoid. Mixtures of lycopene and vitamin E appear to have the greatest synergistic antioxidant activity.
beta-Carotene
Carotene
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Carotenoids analysis is complicated by their tendency to react with radical species, resulting in oxidative breakdown and isomerization during extraction. Hence, analysis methods should be rapid and avoid unnecessary exposure to high temperature, acids, and so on. The aim of this work to estimate carotenoid contents of processed tomato products non-destructively. The mean values obtained by visible and near-infrared Vis/NIR spectroscopy and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for eight carotenoid contents (ß-carotene, 5-cis lycopene, 13-cis lycopene, 9-cis lycopene, all-trans lycopene, zeaxanthin, lycoxanthin and total carotenoids) in four processed tomato products from five different brands were compared. The carotenoid contents were measured using HPLC, and these results were then used to develop partial least squares regression (PLSR) models to predict carotenoid components from Vis/NIR spectra of the same samples. A good correlation was found between HPLC measurements and the Vis/NIRs (590-790 nm) predictions for ß-carotene (RP2= 0.88), 9-cis lycopene (RP2= 0.86), total carotenoids (RP2= 0.84), 13-cis lycopene (RP2= 0.83), 5-cis lycopene (RP2=0.80), zeaxanthin (RP2= 0.80) to passable for all-trans lycopene (RP2= 0.70), but there was only a poor correlation (RP2= 0.20) for the lycoxanthin component. The overall results indicated that Vis/NIRs could be applied to assess carotenoid contents of different processed tomato products.
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Watermelons contain the carotenoids b-carotene, phytofluene, lycopene, and lutein. These carotenoids play an important role in plant oxidative protection and may serve to protect humans against oxidative assaults. Of the carotenoids, lycopene is the predominant pigment in red-fleshed melons (30-130 μg·g -1 ), b-carotene is present in small amounts (1-14 μg·g -1 ), and other carotenoids are present in minute amounts (1-3 μg·g -1 ). Seventy varieties were screened for lycopene content using scanning colorimetry, spectrophotometry, and HPLC techniques, and grouped as low, medium, high, or very high in lycopene. Pink-fleshed heirloom varieties such as Sweet Princess and Black Diamond contained low amounts of lycopene (<40 μg·g -1 ). A number of seeded and seedless varieties had medium amounts of lycopene (40-60 μg·g -1 ). Varieties in the high category (60-80 μg·g -1 ) were primarily seedless types, although `Dixie Lee', an open-pollinated, seeded variety had 69 μg·g -1 , indicating that high lycopene content is not restricted to hybrid or seedless melon germplasm. Six selections were found to be very high in lycopene (>80 μg·g -1 ), including the minimelon Hazera 6008 (Extazy). Total carotenoids and carotenoid profiles were determined by HPLC for 23 varieties in 2003. Both seeded and seedless type melons had varieties high in bcarotene, lycopene, and total carotenoids. These results indicate that commercial watermelon varieties have a wide range in lycopene and b-carotene content, and that most commercially important varieties are high in lycopene and total carotenoids, providing important sources of phytonutrients to the human diet.
Melon
Germ plasm
Carotene
beta-Carotene
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Diets containing plant-food, with a wide variety of phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, carotenoids, monoterpens, isothiocyanates, and phytosterols, have been associated with health benefit effects. Carotenoids are natural pigments from plants and micro-organisms. Although the nutritional importance has been confined to those possessing pro-vitamin A activity, nowadays other carotenoids such as lycopene, have also emerged as nutritional compounds according to their biological properties. Lycopene is present in tomato, watermelon, papaya, apricot and pink grapefruit, providing tomato and tomato products the highest content in the diet. The health effects of lycopene derived from its free radical scavenging capacity, which is higher to those evaluated in other carotenoids, such as has been described in in vitro and in vivo studies. The epidemiological studies implicate the lycopene with the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and epithelial cancers. This review summarizes the importance of lycopene in the diet, its chemical and biological properties, and health benefit effects, remarking the aspects associated with the presence in tomarto and tomato comsuption.
Phytochemical
Health Benefits
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Watermelon contains lycopene, a red carotenoid pigment that has strong antioxidant properties. The lycopene content of watermelon is substantial, contributing 8−20 mg per 180 g serving. There are no reports on carotenoid changes in whole watermelon during storage. Three types of watermelon, open-pollinated seeded, hybrid seeded, and seedless types, were stored at 5, 13, and 21 °C for 14 days and flesh color, composition, and carotenoid content were compared to those of fruit not stored. Watermelons stored at 21 °C had increased pH, chroma, and carotenoid content compared to fresh fruit. Compared to fresh fruit, watermelons stored at 21 °C gained 11−40% in lycopene and 50−139% in β-carotene, whereas fruit held at 13 °C changed little in carotenoid content. These results indicate that carotenoid biosynthesis in watermelons can be affected by temperature and storage. Keywords: Lycopene; β-carotene; chilling injury; triploid watemelon; Citrullus lanatus (Thunb Matsum & Nakai)
Flesh
beta-Carotene
Carotene
Citrullus lanatus
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Malondialdehyde (MDA) level measured with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method has been widely used as diagnostic indices of peroxidative tissue injury and lipid peroxidation. However, the specificity of the TBAtest toward MDA is disputed. MDA is merely one of the main unsaturated carbonyl products detected by TBA method. Since thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) including most, if not all, of the unsaturated aldehydes/ketones resulted from oxidative stress, the using of TBARS may be useful as an index of carbonyl stress.
TBARS
Thiobarbituric acid
Malondialdehyde
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TBARS
Thiobarbituric acid
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In this work we investigated the effect of variety and processing on the content of carotenoids and lycopene in fruits and Tomato juice from the fruit after heat treatment. The experiment included four varieties are edible tomato for industrial processing (Báb, Žiara PK, Šampion and Roti PK). The concentration of total carotenoids and lycopene were determined spectrophotometrically on UV-VIS spectrophotometer Jenway at a wavelength of 445 and 472 nm. The highest average content of carotenoids in fruits were recorded at a variety Roti PK (7.0 mg/100 g-1) and lowest in variety Báb (4.8 mg/100 g-1). Heat treatment had a statistically significant positive effect on the lycopene content, changes in carotenoid content were not significant. Effect of genotype (variety) for the content of the endpoint was significantly important.
Lycopersicon
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Resent scientific works demonstrate that population physical health depends on food quality. One of the important modern problems is lack of biologically active substances such as vitamins, antioxidants, and mineral substances in food. Many of them cannot be synthesized by the human body and must come with food. Tomato paste can be the source of the antioxidants necessary for the human body. The purpose of this work was to determine the content of carotenoids in tomato paste samples. Tomato paste contains a significant amount of carotenoids, mainly β-carotene and lycopene. As a result of experimental studies, the author determined the content of carotenoids, β-carotene and lycopene in tomato paste samples produced in Russia and abroad. It was found out that there is a direct proportion between the content of carotenoids and β-carotene: the higher the content of carotenoids, the higher the content of β-carotene. Proportion of β-carotene in all studied samples is a little more than 12% of the total amount of carotenoids. Consumption of concentrated tomato products by different age and social population groups in Russia will help improve food ration by means of providing β-carotene and lycopene according to the physiological requirements in nutrients
Carotene
beta-Carotene
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