SU-GG-J-05: A Comparative Analysis of in Vivo and Ex Vivo Prostate Volumes Using CT and Ultrasound Imaging
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Purpose: Several studies have reported computerized tomography (CT) overestimates prostate volume by 30 to 50% in comparison to ultrasound in prostate radiation therapy. To further elucidate this phenomenon, we compared the differences in prostate volume assessed by ultrasound and CT, specifically with in vivo and ex vivo ultrasound, and ex vivo CT. Method and Materials: Seven patients with localized prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy were enrolled. Each patient was scanned with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) prior to surgery. Prostate specimens were immediately scanned post-surgery with both ultrasound and CT. 3-D imaging scans were acquired from the base to the apex of the prostate in the axial plane in 2 mm and 1.25 mm slices for ultrasound and CT imaging, respectively. The prostate gland was contoured on each 3-D ultrasound and CT image set by one radiation oncologist and then volume calculations were made based on voxel size. Results: The in vivo prostate volume acquired with ultrasound was on average 33.2 cc (range 25.7 – 41.3 cc). The ex vivo CT and ultrasound volumes of the prostate specimens were 32.8 cc (range 24.7 – 41.1) and 32.7 cc (range 24.9 – 40.3), respectively. The ex vivo and ex vivo ultrasound prostate volume measurements were within 5% of each other. Overall, there was a 1 to 2% reduction between the imaged pre and post-surgery prostate volumes. For each individual specimen the concordance between the CT and ultrasound volumes was within 5%. Conclusion: While several studies have consistently reported larger prostate volumes when using CT as compared to transrectal ultrasound, our study shows no intrinsic difference between ultrasound and CT imaging in terms of prostate volume measurements. Therefore, we propose the difficulty with precise prostate contour delineation encountered with CT imaging results in the frequent overestimation of the prostate gland size seen in prostate radiation therapy.Keywords:
Ex vivo
Мета. Покращення результатів лікування хворих з місцево-розповсюдженими та рецидивними солідними пухлинами черевної порожнини та заочеревинного простору.
Матеріали і методи. За період з червня 2015 по січень 2018 р. в Національному інституті раку виконали комбіновані оперативні втручання з нефректомією 28 хворим з приводу первинних місцево-розповсюджених та рецидивних солідних пухлин черевної порожнини та заочеревинного простору.
Результати. У 5 із 28 пацієнтів виконали нефректомію ex vivo ex situ з аутотрансплантацією нирки, у 4 - успішно. Гостре ушкодження нирок спостерігали у 6 (26%) хворих, яким аутотрансплантації нирки не виконували. Після операції померли 2 (8,7%) хворих. У пацієнтів, яким нирка була збережена, не спостерігали гострого ушкодження нирок, ніхто з цих пацієнтів не помер.
Висновки. З метою профілактики розвитку гострого ушкодження та хронічної хвороби нирок у майбутньому можливість виконання аутотрансплантації нирки у разі хірургічного лікування солідних пухлин черевної порожнини та заочеревинного простору, окрім первинного раку нирки, повинна бути розглянута щодо кожного хворого. Дану процедуру доцільно виконувати в спеціалізованих лікувальних закладах, де накопичено досвід в онковаскулярній хірургії.
Ex vivo
Ex situ conservation
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We analyzed the levels of selected micro-RNAs in normal prostate tissue to assess their potential to indicate tumor foci elsewhere in the prostate. Histologically normal prostate tissue samples from 31 prostate cancer patients and two cancer negative control groups with either unsuspicious or elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels (14 and 17 individuals, respectively) were analyzed. Based on the expression analysis of 157 microRNAs in a pool of prostate tissue samples and information from data bases/literature, we selected eight microRNAs for quantification by real-time polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs). Selected miRNAs were analyzed in histologically tumor-free biopsy samples from patients and healthy controls. We identified seven microRNAs (miR-124a, miR-146a & b, miR-185, miR-16 and let-7a & b), which displayed significant differential expression in normal prostate tissue from men with prostate cancer compared to both cancer negative control groups. Four microRNAs (miR-185, miR-16 and let-7a and let-7b) remained to significantly discriminate normal tissues from prostate cancer patients from those of the cancer negative control group with elevated PSA levels. The transcript levels of these microRNAs were highly indicative for the presence of cancer in the prostates, independently of the PSA level. Our results suggest a microRNA-pattern in histologically normal prostate tissue, indicating prostate cancer elsewhere in the organ.
Prostate biopsy
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This chapter contains section titled: Hematopoiesis, Hematology, and Hemostasis Immune System Inflammation Ex Vivo Living Systems Cardiovascular: Ex Vivo Hepatic: Ex Vivo Hematopoietic: Lymphocytes (EX VIVO) Hematopoietic: Macrophages and Monocytes (EX VIVO) Hematopoietic: Neutrophils (EX VIVO) Hematopoietic: Platelets (EX VIVO) Hematopoietic: Red Blood Cells (EX VIVO) Musculoskeletal: Ex Vivo Neoplastic Disease: Ex Vivo Respiratory: Ex Vivo
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A few years ago, a promising optical device was created that could aid in the intraoperative localization of tumor tissue. Its discriminatory capacity for colorectal cancer tissue was investigated at the NKI-AVL. Measurements on healthy and malignant tissue were performed in and ex vivo. It was proposed to continue with only ex vivo measurements. Advantages of this approach were an increased reproducibility between measurements, easier inclusion and planning, and no need to interfere with the surgical procedure. The aim of this investigation was to validate whether the ex vivo measurements are comparable to in vivo measurements. A literature study showed that there is no clear consensus on the exact differences between in and ex vivo optical measurements (of colorectal tissues). From our statistical analysis and comparison of spectra, significant differences were found in the ex vivo measurements compared to in vivo measurements. These were mainly attributed to the loss of blood and water. The effects of these changes could be minimized if only the near-infrared (NIR) part of the spectrum is used. The fat parameters were uninfluenced in ex vivo measurements. It is therefore recommended to focus on fat and water dependent parameters obtained from NIR spectra.
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To evaluate the spatial distribution of prostate cancer detected at a single positive biopsy (PBx) and a repeat PBx (rPBx).We evaluated 533 consecutive men diagnosed with prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy using a clinical map document based on XML (cMDX©)-based map model of the prostate. We determined the number of cancer foci, relative tumour volume, Gleason score, zone of origin, localisation, and pathological stage after stratification according to the number of PBx sessions (PBx vs rPBx). The distribution of 3966 prostate cancer foci was analysed and visualised on heat maps. The colour gradient of the heat map was reduced to six colours representing the frequency classification of prostate cancer using an image posterisation effect. Additionally, the spatial distribution of organ-confined prostate cancer between PBx and rPBx was evaluated.Prostate cancer diagnosed on PBx was mostly localised to the apical portion and the peripheral zone of the prostate. Prostate cancer diagnosed on rPBx was more frequently found in the anterior portion and the base of the prostate. Organ-confined prostate cancer foci were mostly localised in the dorsolateral zone of the prostate in men at PBx, whereas men at rPBx had more prostate cancer foci in the anterior portion.The spatial distribution of prostate cancer with rPBx differs significantly from the spatial distribution of prostate cancer with PBx. The whole anterior portion of the prostate should be considered by rPBx.
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Objective To investigate the expressions of mitosis regulative factor STK-15 in prostate cancer and the relationship between STK-15 and the biological behavior of prostate cancer.Methods The expressions of STK-15 were examined by using immunohistochemical staining on 63 cases of prostate cancer and 16 cases of normal prostate tissues.And the expressions of STK-15 mRNA were detected by using RT-PCR in 14 cases of prostate cancer,BPH,and normal prostate tissues respectively.Results The STK15 protein was expressed in 98%(62/63) of prostate cancer tissue and in 19%(3/16) of normal prostate tissues.The difference between these expression rates was significant(P0.001).Meanwhile,the positive expression rates of STK-15 mRNA in prostate cancer,BPH,and normal prostate tissue were 93%(13/14),21%(3/14) and 14%(2/14) respectively.Compared with those in BPH and normal prostate tissue,the STK-15 mRNA expression rate in prostate cancer was significantly high(P0.001).Meanwhile,there was no significant difference between those in BPH and normal prostate tissue(P0.05).Conclusion The expressions of STK-15 increase in prostate cancer tissues which may contribute to the prostate carcinogenesis.
Prostate Diseases
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Purpose: Several studies have reported computerized tomography (CT) overestimates prostate volume by 30 to 50% in comparison to ultrasound in prostate radiation therapy. To further elucidate this phenomenon, we compared the differences in prostate volume assessed by ultrasound and CT, specifically with in vivo and ex vivo ultrasound, and ex vivo CT. Method and Materials: Seven patients with localized prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy were enrolled. Each patient was scanned with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) prior to surgery. Prostate specimens were immediately scanned post-surgery with both ultrasound and CT. 3-D imaging scans were acquired from the base to the apex of the prostate in the axial plane in 2 mm and 1.25 mm slices for ultrasound and CT imaging, respectively. The prostate gland was contoured on each 3-D ultrasound and CT image set by one radiation oncologist and then volume calculations were made based on voxel size. Results: The in vivo prostate volume acquired with ultrasound was on average 33.2 cc (range 25.7 – 41.3 cc). The ex vivo CT and ultrasound volumes of the prostate specimens were 32.8 cc (range 24.7 – 41.1) and 32.7 cc (range 24.9 – 40.3), respectively. The ex vivo and ex vivo ultrasound prostate volume measurements were within 5% of each other. Overall, there was a 1 to 2% reduction between the imaged pre and post-surgery prostate volumes. For each individual specimen the concordance between the CT and ultrasound volumes was within 5%. Conclusion: While several studies have consistently reported larger prostate volumes when using CT as compared to transrectal ultrasound, our study shows no intrinsic difference between ultrasound and CT imaging in terms of prostate volume measurements. Therefore, we propose the difficulty with precise prostate contour delineation encountered with CT imaging results in the frequent overestimation of the prostate gland size seen in prostate radiation therapy.
Ex vivo
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