Carcinogenicity of chemicals in industrial and consumer products, food contaminants and flavourings, and water chlorination byproducts
Yann GrosseRobert A. BaanBéatrice SecretanFatiha El GhissassiVéronique BouvardLamia Benbrahim‐TallaaNeela GuhaFarhad IslamiLaurent GalichetKurt Straíf
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Lay description Asphalt pavements are made by mixing aggregates with asphalt binder, a black, glue-like substance obtained from crude oil refining. The combination of asphalt and aggregate is called an asphalt mixture. When asphalt pavements need to be removed and replaced, the asphalt mixture can be recycled and combined with new aggregate and asphalt for use in new asphalt pavements. However, engineers understand very little about how the recycled asphalt blends with the new asphalt. Both the new and old asphalt binders are black, and their chemical compositions are so similar. This makes it challenging to differentiate among new and old asphalt binders within an asphalt mixture without the addition of a tracer to one of the asphalts. Previous research has shown that adding a titanium dioxide tracer to the new asphalt binder enables distinguishing the new and recycled asphalt in an asphalt mixture, using X-ray analysis in a scanning electron microscope. However, previous studies have failed to evaluate the sample preparation on the distribution of the tracer within an asphalt mixture. This study overcomes these shortcomings and yields a reliable method for adding the tracer to the new binder and preparing asphalt mixtures samples for X-ray analysis.
Asphaltene
TRACER
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The Indirect Tensile Test was used to evaluate the performance of asphalt mixtures at low-temperature under different aging states.Through the comparison of the results from original asphalt mixtures,STOA asphalt mixtures and LTOA asphalt mixtures,tests show that the original asphalt mixture can not reflect the real performance of the asphalt mixture in the spot.And the short-term aging specimens are more sensitive than long-term aging specimens in appraising the performance of the asphalt mixture at low-temperature.The results indicate that the consideration of aging during the asphalt mixture performance evaluations is necessary.
Asphalt pavement
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Asphalt film thickness has a significant influence on performance of asphalt mixtures. Generally the recommended minimum asphalt film thickness ranges from 6 to 8 μ m,but it is concluded on insufficient research grounds. This paper studies the effect of asphalt film thickness on performance of asphalt mixtures in order to determine the optimum asphalt film thickness of different asphalt mixtures. The results show that the optimum asphalt film thickness is about 8 μ m for asphalt mixture with 3～6% air voids,the optimum asphalt film thickness is about 10 μ m for asphalt mixture with 4～10% air voids,and the optimum asphalt film thickness is about 12 μ m for asphalt mixture with above 15% air voids.
Asphalt pavement
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Through component analysis of the asphalt materials,it can be find that natural asphalt contains more asphaltenes and resin.Incorporation of petroleum asphalt can greatly change the original matrix asphalt component proportion,form new asphalt colloid system and composition.High-temperature durability have been greatly improved,especially the most prominent Sichuan natural rock asphalt.
Asphaltene
Component (thermodynamics)
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The composition of standard asphalt specimens is unambiguously defined using two elements of three-component asphalt specimen model. In three-component model, the composition can be defined by means of three main elements: a) Voids concentration in asphalt specimen (Cv/as); b) Bitumen concentration in asphalt specimen (Cb/as); and c) Mineral aggregate concentration in asphalt specimen (Cm/as) or by means of two derived, frequently used elements: voids in mineral aggregate (Cvim/as) or fill of mineral aggregate voids with bitumen (Fb). Theoretically there are nine two-element combinations, which unambiguously define the standard asphalt specimen composition. Based on the above described principle, the procedure for bitumen content calculation in designed asphalt mixture has been developed as a function of two asphalt specimen composition elements and densities of asphalt ingredients (bitumen, mineral aggregate and air). This procedure can be applied for bitumen content calculation in any asphalt mix design procedure, regardless of the type of mix presentation, or the method or energy used for preparing the standard asphalt specimen. For the covering abstract see ITRD E107185.
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The investigation of the mechanism of skin contamination was carried out by a living rabbit skin in the same manner as that of pig skin†. The rabbit skin was contaminated with carrier free 90Sr-90Y or 32P. Consequently, the adhered contamination of epidermis (abbr.; the adhered contamination) or the permeated contamination of dermal (abbr.; the permeated contamination) was obtained in the like result as that of pig skin. In regard to 90Sr-90Y and 32P, the adhered contamination increased steeply within 30 min after contamination and then it increased gradually with an increase of contaminating time. Result obtained also showed that according to pH, 90Sr-90Y indicated the large difference but 32P almost all did not indicate such difference in the adhered contamination. On the other hand, the definite permeated contamination was obtained at the long time contamination without the case of acidic 32P, although there was no regularity in the tendency to the permeated contamination. Particularly, 90Y contributed considerably to the adhered contamination and the permeated contamination, if the contaminating solution of 90Sr-90Y is alkaline. Furthermore, the result obtained recommends an early decontamination-within 30 min after contamination-is of great advantage to a decontamination of human skin.
Human decontamination
radioactive contamination
Pig skin
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Currently many Asbutonpavmenttechnologies were developed. However, investigation of the effect of Asbuton bitumen on asphalt binder rheology is very limited. Because asphalt binder rheology is very important in analyzing road pavement, this paper exhibits the investigation results of the effect of Asbuton bitumen content on asphalt binder rheology. The method in this study is by testing and analyzing the rheological characteristics of asphalts that consist of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% Asbuton bitumen. The results were indicated that higher Asbuton bitumen content caused the binder become more elastic, more viscous, more resistant to rutting, and less resistant to fatigue. Eventhough less resistant to fatogue, until 50% Asbuton bitumen is resist to fatigue because the various temperature there is not fatigue factor values (G*sin[ ]) more than 5,000 k Pa.
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Preface Introduction Ionizing radiation, its characterization and dosimetry Absorption of the energy of ionizing radiation Dependence of the biological effect on absorbed radiation dose Direct Action of Ionizing Radiation Indirect Action of Ionizing Radiation Response of the cell to the action of ionizing radiation Biological effects of low doses of ionising radiation -- long-term consequences Conclusions.
Non-ionizing radiation
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The composition of standard asphalt specimens is unambiguously defined using two elements of three-component asphalt specimen model. In three-component model, the composition can be defined by means of three main elements: voids concentration in asphalt specimen; bitumen concentration in asphalt specimen; mineral aggregate concentration in asphalt specimen or by means of two derived, frequently used elements; voids in mineral aggregate; fill of mineral aggregate voids with bitumen. Theoretically, there are nine two-element combinations, which unambiguously define the standard asphalt specimen composition. Based on the above described principle the procedure for bitumen content calculation in designed asphalt mixture has been developed as a function of two asphalt specimen composition elements and densities of asphalt ingredients (bitumen, mineral aggregate and air). This procedure can be applied for bitumen content calculation in any asphalt mix design procedure, regardless of the type of mix presentation, or the method or energy used for preparing the standard asphalt specimen.
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This paper describes the development of criteria for contracts stipulating performance characteristics on the asphalt mixtures or on the built-in asphalt layers. Also provided is an account of the experience so far as of how the different laboratory methods may give a rightful forecast of the performance of the asphalt materials in the road.
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