A Dynamic Random-Effects Model for Recovery of Skin Barrier Function: Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Skin Care Products
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SUMMARY Apparently, the use of mathematical and statistical models to describe the structure and function of the skin barrier is rather limited. The skin barrier protects the body against uncontrolled loss of water and desiccation, and prevents environmental substances from entering the skin. A simple measure of the barrier function is the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), which is easy to measure. Healthy skin has low TEWL values, whereas various skin diseases result in high TEWL values and eventually in the development of dry skin. The use of skin care products can protect and prevent dry skin. In this study several different trial formulations are compared with respect to their abilities as skin care products. The study is performed as a longitudinal study on mice, where the skin barrier is broken by means of acetone and then treated with one of the formulations. We analysed the data by means of a semimechanistic random-effects model with similarities to pharmacokinetic models. In the model each formulation is characterized by two parameters: one that corresponds to the initial barrier restoration effect and one that corresponds to the elimination rate.Keywords:
Transepidermal water loss
Dry skin
Skin Barrier
Barrier function
Skin Temperature
Skin care
The effect of carbon dioxide (CO2 )-rich water bathing on the skin has been studied extensively in humans. However, there have been few studies evaluating the impact of CO2 -rich water bathing on canine skin physiology and barrier functions.To evaluate the impact of artificially carbonated water (ACW) bathing on skin parameters in healthy beagles.Six healthy beagles with no history of skin disease.Body temperature, skin temperature, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and skin blood flow were evaluated before and after single ACW bathing (37°C, 20 min) with a CO2 concentration of >1000 ppm.After ACW bathing, skin blood flow significantly increased (p < 0.0001), yet there were no significant changes in body temperature (p = 0.3124), skin temperature (p = 0.4911), TEWL (p = 0.5167) or skin hydration (p = 0.3084). There were no adverse events during the trials.Artificially carbonated water water bathing could potentially increase skin blood flow without affecting skin temperature, body temperature and skin barrier function in dogs, similar to its effects in humans.L'effet d'un bain d'eau riche en dioxyde de carbone (CO2) sur la peau a été largement étudié chez l'homme. Cependant, peu d'études ont évalué l'impact d'un bain d'eau riche en CO2 sur la physiologie de la peau canine et ses fonctions de barrière.Évaluer l'impact du bain d'eau artificiellement gazéifiée (ACW) sur les paramètres cutanés chez des beagles en bonne santé.Six beagles en bonne santé sans antécédent de maladie de peau. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: La température corporelle, la température de la peau, la perte d'eau transépidermique (TEWL), l'hydratation de la peau et le flux sanguin cutané ont été évalués avant et après un seul bain ACW (37 °C, 20 min) avec une concentration de CO2 > 1 000 ppm. RÉSULTATS: Après le bain ACW, le débit sanguin cutané a augmenté de manière significative (p < 0,0001), mais il n'y a pas eu de changements significatifs de la température corporelle (p = 0,3124), de la température cutanée (p = 0,4911), du TEWL (p = 0,5167) ou de l'hydratation cutanée (p = 0,3084). Il n'y a eu aucun événement indésirable au cours des essais.Le bain d'eau ACW pourrait potentiellement augmenter le flux sanguin cutané sans affecter la température cutanée, la température corporelle et la fonction de barrière cutanée chez le chien, comme ses effets chez l'homme.INTRODUCCIÓN: El efecto del baño de agua rica en dióxido de carbono (CO2 ) sobre la piel se ha estudiado ampliamente en humanos. Sin embargo, ha habido pocos estudios que evalúen el impacto de los baños de agua ricos en CO2 en la fisiología y las funciones de barrera de la piel canina.Evaluar el impacto del baño con agua carbonatada artificialmente (ACW) en los parámetros de la piel en beagles sanos.Seis beagles sanos sin antecedentes de enfermedades de la piel. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se evaluó la temperatura corporal, la temperatura de la piel, la pérdida de agua transepidérmica (TEWL), la hidratación de la piel y el flujo sanguíneo de la piel antes y después de un solo baño ACW (37°C, 20 min) con una concentración de CO2 de >1,000 ppm.después del baño ACW, el flujo sanguíneo de la piel aumentó significativamente (p < 0,0001), pero no hubo cambios significativos en la temperatura corporal (p = 0,3124), temperatura de la piel (p = 0,4911), TEWL (p = 0,5167) o hidratación de la piel (p = 0,3084). No hubo eventos adversos durante los ensayos. CONCLUSIÓN: el baño de agua ACW podría aumentar potencialmente el flujo sanguíneo de la piel sin afectar la temperatura de la piel, la temperatura corporal y la función de barrera de la piel en perros, de manera similar a sus efectos en humanos.Beim Menschen ist die Auswirkung von Kohlendioxid (CO2 ) - reichem Badewasser auf die Haut umfassend untersucht. Nichtsdestotrotz gibt es wenige Studien, die die Auswirkung von CO2 - reichem Badewasser auf die Physiologie der Hundehaut sowie auf die Barrierefunktionen der Hundehaut evaluiert haben.Eine Evaluierung der Auswirkung von Bädern mit Wasser, welches künstlich mit Kohlensäure versetzt worden war (ACW) auf die Parameter der Haut gesunder Beagles.Sechs gesunde Beagles ohne Vorgeschichte einer Hauterkrankung.Körpertemperatur, Hauttemperatur, transepidermaler Wasserverlust (TEWL), Hydrierung der Haut und Durchblutung der Haut wurden vor und nach einem einzigen Bad mit ACW (37°C, 20 min) bei einer CO2 Konzentration von > 1000 ppm evaluiert.Nach einem Bad mit ACW war die Durchblutung der Haut signifikant erhöht (p < 0,0001), allerdings gab es keine signifikanten Veränderungen der Körpertemperatur (p = 0,3124), der Hauttemperatur (p = 0,4911), des TEWL (p = 0,5167) oder der Hydrierung der Haut (p = 0,3084). Es traten während dieser Studie keine Nebenwirkungen auf.Bäder mit ACW hältigem Wasser könnten möglicherweise die Durchblutung der Haut fördern ohne dabei die Hauttemperatur, die Körpertemperatur oder die Funktion der Hautbarriere bei Hunden zu beeinträchtigen, was den Auswirkungen beim Menschen ähnlich ist.背景: 炭酸ガス(CO2 )リッチウォーター入浴の皮膚への影響は、ヒトでは広範囲に研究されている。しかし、犬の皮膚生理やバリア機能に及ぼすCO2 リッチウォーター入浴の影響を評価した研究はほとんどない。 目的: 本研究の目的は、健常ビーグル犬を対象に、人工炭酸水(ACW)入浴が皮膚パラメータに与える影響を評価することであった。 対象動物: 皮膚疾患の既往のない健常ビーグル犬6頭 材料と方法: 体温、皮膚温、経皮水分蒸散量(TEWL)、皮膚水和度、皮膚血流を、1,000 ppmを超えるCO2 濃度のACW入浴(37°C、20分)の前後で評価した。 結果: ACW入浴後、皮膚血流は有意に増加したが(p < 0.0001)、体温(p = 0.3124)、皮膚温(p = 0.4911)、TEWL(p = 0.5167)、皮膚水和度(p = 0.3084)は有意に変化しなかった。試験中の有害事象はなかった。 結論: ACW入浴は、ヒトにおける効果と同様に、犬の皮膚温度、体温および皮膚バリア機能に影響を与えることなく、皮膚血流を増加させる可能性があった。.背景: 富含二氧化碳 (CO2) 的水浴对皮肤的影响已在人体中进行了广泛研究。然而，很少有研究评价富 CO2 水浴对犬皮肤生理和屏障功能的影响。 目的: 评价人工碳酸水 (ACW) 沐浴对健康比格犬皮肤参数的影响。 动物: 6只无皮肤病史的健康比格犬。 材料和方法: 在 CO2 浓度 > 1 000 ppm的单次 ACW 水浴 (37°C,20 min) 前后评价体温、皮肤温度、经表皮失水 (TEWL)、皮肤水合作用和皮肤血流量。 结果: ACW水浴后，皮肤血流量显著增加 (p < 0.0001)，但体温 (p = 0.3124)、皮肤温度 (p = 0.4911)、TEWL(p = 0.5167) 或皮肤水合作用 (p = 0.3084) 无显著变化。试验期间未发生不良事件。 结论: ACW水浴可潜在增加皮肤血流量，而不影响犬的皮肤温度、体温和皮肤屏障功能，与对人体的作用相似。.O efeito do banho com água rica em dióxido de carbono (CO2 ) na pele tem sido extensivamente estudado em humanos. Entretanto, poucos estudos foram realizados avaliando o impacto do banho com água rica em CO2 na fisiologia e nas funções de barreira da pele canina.Avaliar o impacto do banho com água artificialmente carbonada (AAC) nos parâmetros cutâneos de beagles saudáveis.Seis beagles saudáveis sem histórico de dermatopatias. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Temperatura corpórea, temperatura cutânea, perda de água transepidérmica (TEWL), hidratação cutânea e fluxo sanguíneo cutâneo foram avaliados antes e após um único banho com AAC (37°C, 20 min) em uma concentração de CO2 >1,000 ppm.Após o banho com AAC, o fluxo sanguíneo cutâneo aumentou significativamente (p < 0,0001), apesar de não haver alterações signficativas na temperatura corpórea (p = 0,3124), temperatura cutânea (p = 0,4911), TEWL (p = 0,5167) ou hidratação cutânea (p = 0,3084). CONCLUSÃO: Banho com AAC pode potencialmente aumentar o fluxo sanguíneo cutâneo sem afetar a temperatura cutânea, temperatura corpórea e função de barreira cutânea e, cães, similar ao seu efeito em humanos.
Bathing
Skin Barrier
Barrier function
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The pH of the healthy skin is 5.5 and maintained by many regulatory mechanisms. The pH of the skin care product we use on a daily basis can have an influence on the skin properties. To investigate how the physical properties of skin change after the alkaline or acidic pH of the skin care products are applied on the skin for a long term, we adjusted the pH of the skin care products to 3, 5 and 8 (A, B, C), with glycolic acid and triethanolamine. For 5 weeks the skin care products were applied on 20 healthy subjects' ventral forearm and the skin physical properties were measured. After 5 weeks, skin responses to the external stress of 1% (w/v) SLS (sodium lauryl sulphate) irritation and erythema by UV were measured. Skin colour and skin UV response were not altered by the pH. However, on the C-applied site (pH 8) the transepidermal water loss of stratum corneum (SC) increased significantly, the water content increased and desquamation decreased, respectively, and the SLS significantly impaired the skin barrier in comparison with other sites. The alkaline skin care product impaired the skin barrier after repeated application over 5-week period and the skin barrier was disrupted severely by 1% SLS exposure because SC was already impaired by alkaline pH and sensitive to external stress. This suggests that the pH of daily skin care products is very important for skin barrier homeostasis.
Transepidermal water loss
Erythema
Sensitive skin
Skin Barrier
Dry skin
Skin care
Desquamation
Triethanolamine
Human skin
Skin irritation
Glycolic acid
Skin reaction
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The skin is the outermost barrier that directly and continuously contacts environment. In order to develop preventive strategies against skin damage, inflammation, and skin aging by the airborne particulate matter (PM) in Seoul Metropolitan area, we have been investigating the deleterious effects of PM on skin barrier, and its underlying mechanisms. Previous studies reported that PM can penetrate the barrier-damaged skin area and induce inflammatory responses in keratinocytes. Once reaching the dermal layer, PM can also inhibit collagen synthesis in dermal fibroblast. However, there are few reports about the direct effects of PM on skin barrier function. In this study, using a newly developed IoT-based at-home device measuring trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum hydration (SCH), we investigated the potential correlation between PM and skin barrier function in daily based measurements. Total 26 participants (13 healthy volunteers and 13 atopic dermatitis-diagnosed volunteers) were enrolled for the study and participants were administrated to measure the TEWL and SCH at least once a day for 5 months. During the same period, daily PM concentration, UV irradiation strength, ambient temperature and relative humidity data were also collected and analysed against participants-generated clinical data. As results, while skin barrier function, expressed by TEWL, in healthy volunteers was not affected by PM, impairment of skin barrier by PM was observed in atopic dermatitis patients. These results suggest that PM can aggravate skin barrier function in predisposed skin, such as atopic dermatitis. Since TEWL data can also provide the information about the basal skin barrier condition, daily based TEWL measurement can be used for not only identifying more susceptible groups for PM induced skin damages, but also evaluating the efficacy of various preventive strategies, including cosmetics.
Transepidermal water loss
Barrier function
Skin Barrier
Dry skin
Skin Aging
Sensitive skin
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Patients with atopic skin show a defective barrier function both in rough and in clinically normal skin, with an increasing risk of developing contact dermatitis. Moisturizing creams are often used in the treatment of dry skin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of treatment with a urea‐containing moisturizer on the barrier properties of atopic skin. Fifteen patients with atopic dermatitis treated one of their forearms twice daily for 20 days with a moisturizing cream. Skin capacitance and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured at the start of the study and after 10 and 20 days. On day 21 the skin was exposed to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and on day 22 the irritant reaction was measured non‐invasively. Skin capacitance was significantly increased by the treatment, indicating increased skin hydration. The water barrier function, as reflected by TEWL values, tended to improve (P= 0.07), and the skin susceptibility to SLS was significantly reduced, as measured by TEWL and superficial skin blood flow (P< 0.05). Thus, it seems that certain moisturizers could improve skin barrier function in atopics and reduce skin susceptibility to irritants. The mechanism and the clinical relevance need further investigation.
Transepidermal water loss
Moisturizer
Dry skin
Skin Barrier
Sensitive skin
Barrier function
Irritant contact dermatitis
Skin reaction
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Transepidermal water loss
Skin care
Dry skin
Human skin
Barrier function
Epidermis (zoology)
Skin Barrier
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SUMMARY Apparently, the use of mathematical and statistical models to describe the structure and function of the skin barrier is rather limited. The skin barrier protects the body against uncontrolled loss of water and desiccation, and prevents environmental substances from entering the skin. A simple measure of the barrier function is the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), which is easy to measure. Healthy skin has low TEWL values, whereas various skin diseases result in high TEWL values and eventually in the development of dry skin. The use of skin care products can protect and prevent dry skin. In this study several different trial formulations are compared with respect to their abilities as skin care products. The study is performed as a longitudinal study on mice, where the skin barrier is broken by means of acetone and then treated with one of the formulations. We analysed the data by means of a semimechanistic random-effects model with similarities to pharmacokinetic models. In the model each formulation is characterized by two parameters: one that corresponds to the initial barrier restoration effect and one that corresponds to the elimination rate.
Transepidermal water loss
Dry skin
Skin Barrier
Barrier function
Skin Temperature
Skin care
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Patients with wounds may have compromised skin healing ability, and many will be older people; therefore, assessing and caring for surrounding skin is extremely important. The article will discuss the importance of skin health and skin barrier repair to prevent dry skin. It will provide practical guidance on understanding emollient use in wound care patients with vulnerable skin and discuss the evidence base for complete emollient therapy (CET). Information will be given on different types of emollients and guidance on good prescribing practice. � � Emollients � � Skin barrier � � Skin health
Skin care
Skin Barrier
Dry skin
Wound care
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Summary Background Water content of the stratum corneum and skin surface lipids are important factors in the appearance and function of skin. High water content and low sebum secretion are considered main features of fair skin. Aim This paper aims to study the change of skin physiological parameters after cosmetic application. Methods The skin water content, transepidermal water loss, and skin sebum secretion on different regions of the facial skin before and after the cosmetic application were measured using Corneometer, Tewameter, and Sebumeter, respectively. Results The cosmetics kept higher water content and lower transepidermal water loss, at the same time lower sebum secretion 4 and 8 h after the cosmetic application, compared with those before it. The situation was maintained in the following 3‐week continuous use of the cosmetics. Conclusion The cosmetic application on human facial skin could provide some moisturizing effect and at the same time some antisebum effect according to different regions on facial skin, which favored the maintenance of good skin physiological function after applying skin care products.
Transepidermal water loss
Skin care
Dry skin
Sensitive skin
Skin Aging
Moisturizer
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During recent years several highly developed non-invasive methods for evaluation of skin physiology and pathology have been introduced. Against this background, the present studies were undertaken with the primary aim of assessing the effects of various skin care products on some properties of the skin. Skin topography was measured by profilometry on skin replicas, friction with a newly developed friction instrument, capacitance with a Corneometer, and barrier function both with an Evaporimeter to assess transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and by application of an irritant followed by measurement of the resulting irritative reaction. Initially some of the techniques were used to further characterize the differences between dry atopic skin and normal skin. Dry skin exhibits increased values of roughness parameters and a reduced number of topographical peaks. TEWL is increased, indicating impaired barrier function. The friction and capacitance are lower and correlate significantly to each other, whereas TEWL does not appear to relate to either of these parameters. The use of a scrub cream removes the outermost part of the stratum corneum, resulting in a smoother skin. Application of moisturizers modifies the frictional response of the skin. The friction instrument gave results comparable to those of panelists trained in sensory evaluation. The study suggests that measurement of skin friction can be used to predict the degree of liking of moisturizers. Furthermore, moisturizers increase the skin hydration. They provide water directly to the skin from their water phase. Skin hydration also increases with increased degree of occlusion, as measured as a decrease in TEWL. Moisturizers may also alter the diffusional resistance of the stratum corneum and reduce the skin susceptibility to the surfactant sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Lipids in moisturizers may influence already developed SLS-induced irritation. A significantly lower degree of irritation was found in areas treated with canola oil and its sterol-enriched fraction than in an area treated with water. These findings emphasize that skin care products do not only form an inert, epicutaneous layer, but that they may penetrate and influence the structure and function of the skin.
Transepidermal water loss
Dry skin
Moisturizer
Sensitive skin
Skin Barrier
Barrier function
Skin care
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Synopsis Objective Cosmetic dry skin often has a lower hydration level but a similar apparent barrier function, as measured by transepidermal water loss ( TEWL ), than that of the normal skin. To investigate the intrinsic difference in barrier property and moisture‐holding ability between the cosmetic dry and normal skin, we developed a new clinical and data analysis procedure based on sequential tape‐stripping with TEWL measurement, coupled with chemical analysis for protein and natural moisturizing factors ( NMF ) in the stratum corneum. Methods A clinical study consisting of 64 healthy Caucasian female subjects with normal and cosmetic dry skin was conducted according to our clinical and data collection protocols. After the baseline visual dryness assessment, 20 tape‐strips were placed and removed on each test site using D‐Squame tapes. TEWL was measured at baseline and after the 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th tape‐strips. All tapes were analysed for protein mass via chemical extraction and the Pierce BCA protein assay, as well as using an infrared densitometry device SquameScan 850A. The stratum corneum thickness and barrier quality (water transport resistance per thickness of the stratum corneum) were decoupled from the apparent barrier function using the TEWL and protein data. Results A linear relationship between 1/ TEWL and cumulative protein removal was observed for both normal and cosmetic dry skin. However, the slope of the linear relation was significantly steeper for normal skin, and significantly more protein was removed from cosmetic dry skin. The results showed that on average, the barrier quality of the stratum corneum of the normal skin is about 40% higher than that of the dry skin, whereas the stratum corneum of the dry skin is about 30% thicker than that of the normal skin. In addition, the amount of SC removal in sequential tape‐stripping is generally non‐uniform. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that there are characteristic differences in the barrier property between normal and cosmetic dry skin. In comparison to the normal skin, the stratum corneum of the cosmetic dry skin is considerably thicker, however, with a lower barrier quality. The results also showed that the amount of the SC removal in sequential tape‐stripping is generally non‐uniform. Therefore, the number of tape strips is not a good indicator for the tape‐stripping depth.
Transepidermal water loss
Dryness
Dry skin
Skin Barrier
Barrier function
Stripping (fiber)
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