A computer science minor for engineering and science students
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There has been a great demand for scientists and engineers to become thoroughly acquainted with the application of digital computers to their discipline areas. As a result, engineering and science majors have been interested in complimenting their programs with a minor in Computer Science. Traditionally, minor programs required a specific number of thematically related courses in the minor discipline. However, this traditional approach does not necessarily fulfill the real demands of the students involved in Computer Science. A suggested minor program is presented with a review of experiences.Keywords:
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Debates on the pedagogical merits of do- and la-based minor solfège are often beset by conceptual muddiness and regrettable antagonism between the fields of music theory and music education. Trivial arguments that amount to 'scale degrees best represent scale degree functions' regularly occupy these debates. In this chapter, I will unpack and clarify existing debates on do- and la-minor and then locate common ground on which genuine dialogue can take place. I argue that the distinction between do- and la-minor is clouded by the use of overlapping syllables, and the concept underlying la-minor remains unnamed and little theorized. Do-minor maps solfège syllables onto familiar scale degrees, which are intervals from the tonic. La-minor maps syllables onto what I call diatonic positions, intervallic relations in a scale without regard to the tonic. Therefore, the debate over solfège actually concerns the significance of centricity and scale, both of which engender independent yet intertwined elements of tonality. A deeper examination of their arguments shows that both sides share the same values: similarity between modes, typicality of such similarity in a given repertoire, and an optimum balance between information and cognitive load. I conclude by proposing an essentiality argument, which states that fixed-do, do-, and la-minor all serve a distinct and necessary role in defining a key, the basis of tonal constructs.
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Minor highs and minor lows help one with pattern recognition. A minor high is a peak separated by about five days from a higher peak. It should represent a significant peak. They represent the building blocks of pattern recognition. If one can program a computer to find them, then one can automate the entire pattern recognition concept. A minor low is a valley separated by about five days from a lower low. It should represent a significant bottom. Furthermore, one should be flexible when searching for minor lows. If it looks like price is making a turn, then it is a minor low. If one need to count the price bars to be sure whether it is a minor low, then do so.
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Major and minor
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There has been a great demand for scientists and engineers to become thoroughly acquainted with the application of digital computers to their discipline areas. As a result, engineering and science majors have been interested in complimenting their programs with a minor in Computer Science. Traditionally, minor programs required a specific number of thematically related courses in the minor discipline. However, this traditional approach does not necessarily fulfill the real demands of the students involved in Computer Science. A suggested minor program is presented with a review of experiences.
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The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) describe what all students should know about science and engineering, and be able to do by the time they leave high school. The NGSS are based on learning progressions of core ideas in the discipline, crosscutting concepts across disciplines, and the practices that will allow students to use their disciplinary knowledge in meaningful ways. As states adopt the NGSS, significant changes will be required in all areas of science education, including the development of new curricula and assessments. Support for both pre- and inservice teachers will be crucial, and perhaps less obviously, so will changes in the way chemistry is taught at the college level. The Next Generation Science Standards logo is ©Copyright 2013 and reprinted here with permission of Achieve, Inc., with all rights reserved.
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Reward prediction errors arising from switches between major and minor modes in music: An fMRI study
Evidence has accumulated that prediction error processing plays a role in the enjoyment of music listening. The present study examined listeners' neural responses to the signed reward prediction errors (RPEs) arising from switches between major and minor modes in music. We manipulated the final chord of J. S. Bach's keyboard pieces so that each major-mode passage ended with either the major (Major-Major) or minor (Major-Minor) tonic chord, and each minor-mode passage ended with either the minor (Minor-Minor) or major (Minor-Major) tonic chord. In Western music, the major and minor modes have positive and negative connotations, respectively. Therefore, the outcome of the final chord in Major-Minor stimuli was associated with negative RPE, whereas that in Minor-Major was associated with positive RPE. Twenty-three musically experienced adults underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while listening to Major-Major, Major-Minor, Minor-Minor, and Minor-Major stimuli. We found that activity in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (extending into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex) during the final chord for Major-Major was significantly higher than that for Major-Minor. Conversely, a frontoparietal network for Major-Minor exhibited significantly increased activity compared to Major-Major. The contrasts between Minor-Minor and Minor-Major yielded regions implicated in interoception. We discuss our results in relation to executive functions and the emotional connotations of major versus minor mode.
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