Impact of historical mining assessed in soils by kinetic extraction and lead isotopic ratios
Estelle CamizuliFabrice MonnaAlain BermondNastaran ManouchehriStéphane BesançonR. LosnoFolkert van OortJérôme LabanowskiA. PerreiraCarmela Chateau‐SmithPaul Alibert
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Trace elements (Fe, Mn, Al, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As) and stable isotope ratios (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) were analyzed in sediments, invertebrates, and fishes from a tropical coastal lagoon influenced by iron ore mining and processing activities to assess the differences in trace element accumulation patterns among species and to investigate relations with trophic levels of the organisms involved. Overall significant negative relations between trophic level (given by (15)N) and trace element concentrations in gastropods and crustaceans showed differences in internal controls of trace element accumulation among the species of different trophic positions, leading to trace element dilution. Generally, no significant relation between delta(15)N and trace element concentrations was observed among fish species, probably due to omnivory in a number of species as well as fast growth. Trace element accumulation was observed in the fish tissues, with higher levels of most trace elements found in liver compared with muscle and gill. Levels of Fe, Mn, Al, and Hg in invertebrates, and Fe and Cu in fish livers, were comparable with levels in organisms and tissues from other contaminated areas. Trace element levels in fish muscle were below the international safety baseline standards for human consumption.
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The article presents concentrations of 29 trace elements in different groups of basidiomycetes: saprotrophic, parasitic and symbiotic. The potential of using the concentration factor (Kc) is shown for the assessment of trace element accumulation by the fungi. The variations of trace element concentrations in different ecological and geochemical environment are presented. The data obtained in this research made it possible to mark out the group of trace elements that are mainly accumulated by fungi. This information helped to assess the correlation between the trace element concentrations in the mycothalluses of fungi and their mobile forms in the soil. The expected patterns of the trace element accumulation in fungi are described.
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To recognize the conditions of soil contamination by oil, to know the concentration of contaminants in the soil is necessary. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) is commonly used to assess oil contaminated soil. TPH measurement methods in the laboratory usually adopt solvent extraction of the hydrocarbon from the soil prior to gas chromatography (GC) or infrared (IR) analysis. In order to increase the laboratory efficiency and reduce the cost of soil contamination investigations, some screening analysis methods are used. In this study, in order to develop a screening analysis for oil contaminated soil, a method to determine TPH values by measuring CO2 concentrations of burning gas from soil sample was investigated and established as TPH analyzer.
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Meat and Bone Meal (MBM) and β-cyclodextrin were added to a soil sample co-contaminated by hydrocarbons (diesel fraction C10-C21 and lubricant oil fraction C22-C40) and heavy metals to promote soil remediation. The pilot study was conducted in the laboratory, maintaining optimal conditions (i.e., temperature, pH, water content, soil aeration) to facilitate hydrocarbon biodegradation. Two different experimental tests were prepared: one for the analysis of hydrocarbons in soil, the other to monitor the dynamics of some elements of interest. For the first test, the two hydrocarbon fractions in the soil were quantified separately by GC-FID, following the ISO 16703:2004(E) standard protocol. Sampling and analysis were done every two weeks, for three consecutive months. For the second test (dynamics of certain elements in the soil), soil and leachate samples were analyzed by ICP-MS after appropriate pretreatment steps.
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During the summer of 1990, 12 gravity cores were collected in Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, at various depths and in a variety of depositional environments. All core subsamples were analyzed to determine bulk chemistry and selected subsamples were analyzed for trace-element partitioning and (137)Cs activity. The purpose of these analyses was to determine the trace-element concentrations and distributions in the sediment column and to try to establish a trace-element geochemical history of the lake in relation to mining and mining-related discharge operations in the area. Substantial portions of the near-surface sediments in Lake Coeur d'Alene are markedly enriched in Ag, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb, and Zn, and somewhat enriched in Cu, Fe, and Mn. Variations in the thickness of the trace element- rich sediments suggest that the source of much of this material is the Coeur d'Alene River. Calculated estimates indicate that there are some 75 million metric tons of trace element-rich sediments currently on/in the lakebed. Estimated trace-element masses in excess of those caused by non-mining-related sources, range from a high of 468,000 metric tons of Pb to a low of 260 metric tons of Hg. The similarity between the trace element-rich surface and subsurface sediments as regards their: (1) location; (2) bulk chemistry; (3) interelement relationships; and (4) trace-element partitioning indicate that the sources and/or concentrating mechanisms causing the trace-element enrichment in the lake probably have been the same throughout their depositional history. Based on Mt. St. Helens' ash layer from the 1980 eruption, ages estimated from (137)Cs activity, and the presence of 80 discernible and presumably annual layers in a core collected near the Coeur d'Alene River delta, it appears that deposition rates for the trace element-rich sediments varied from 2.1 to 1.3 cm/yr. These data also indicate that the deposition of trace element-rich sediments began, at least in the Coeur d'Alene River delta, sometime between 1895 and 1910, dates consistent with the onset of mining and ore-processing activities in the area which began in the 1880's.
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The homologues levels, distribution characteristics and TEQ of 209 PCBs in soil collected around 3 storage sites of PCB-containing wastes were investigated. The PCBs contents and environmental risk were evaluated to provide a scientific basis for site remediation of PCBs contaminated soil. Totally 12 soil samples were collected from 3 PCB-contaminated sites. The analysis results showed that the PCB-concentration in Soil A was 1 705. 0 µg.g-1 ± 424. 3 µg.g-1 (n =4), higher than Soil B (233. 0 µg.g-1 ± 80. 0, n = 4) and Soil C (225. 7 µg.g-1 ± 90. 2 µg.g-1, n = 4), indicating the soil was heavily polluted by PCBs. Trichlorobiphenyl and Tetrachlorobiphenyl dominated the homologues of PCBs. The mass fraction of chlorine in Soil A, Soil B and Soil C was 43. 7% 1. 0%, 45.5% ± 0. 5% and 44.9% ± 0.3%, respectively, which was similar as Aroclor1242 and l#PCB insulating oil. There was an obvious linear correlation between indicator PCBs and total PCBs (R2 = 0. 998), so indicator PCBs can be used to estimate the level of total PCBs. PCB77, PCB105, PCB118 were predominant in doxin-like PCBs, accounting for 89. 5% ± 4. 0% in total. The TEQ levels of the soil samples (in WHO-TEQ) were 3. 56-63. 55 ng.g-1, which demonstrated a high environmental risk in the area. PCB28/31, PCB33/20, PCB66/80, PCB70, PCB32 and PCB18 were the main PCBs isomers. Compared with other results, the local soil was heavily contaminated by PCBs and the surroundings were under a relatively high risk of environmental contamination.
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