Secretion of Pancreatic Icosapeptide from Porcine Pancreas
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Abstract:
The pancreatic polypeptide cell, the only mature endocrine cell in the fetal pig pancreas, produces equimolar amounts of two peptides, pancreatic polypeptide and pancreatic icosapeptide, from the same precursor. The amino acid sequence of pancreatic polypeptide is more homogenous among species, whereas pancreatic icosapeptide is heterogeneous. We determined the 19-amino acid sequence of porcine pancreatic icosapeptide, which is markedly different from that of known sequences (e.g. 47% homology with human). We developed an ELISA that can measure porcine pancreatic icosapeptide levels in the range of 7.2–480 pmol/liter. Actual levels of pancreatic icosapeptide in pig sera were 9.6–25 pmol/liter. The assay requires relatively small amounts of nonextracted samples, and human and mouse sera do not cross-react. Levels of pancreatic icosapeptide rose in response to hypoglycemia in pigs and to carbachol in fetal porcine pancreatic cells in vitro. When fetal porcine pancreatic tissue was transplanted into nonobese diabetic-severe combined immune deficiency mice, porcine pancreatic icosapeptide (but not C peptide) was detectable in mouse sera for up to 3 wk after transplantation, with levels highest on d 4. Porcine pancreatic icosapeptide and insulin were detectable in grafts removed from the mice. Therefore, porcine pancreatic icosapeptide may be used as a marker of the viability of xenotransplanted fetal pig pancreatic tissue in the immediate posttransplant period.Keywords:
Pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreatic Islets
Suidae
Enteroendocrine cell
Using wood mice ( Apodemus speciosus ) captured in the wild in Niigata, we analysed the proportion of various endocrine cells in pancreatic islets for both immunohistochemical and microscopic characteristics. In both the dorsal and ventral portions of the pancreas, the centre of the pancreatic islets was occupied predominantly by insulin‐positive (B) cells, surrounded by glucagon‐positive (A), somatostatin‐positive (D), and pancreatic‐polypeptide‐positive (PP) cells. Although the proportions of the various endocrine cells in pancreatic islets varied from one mouse to the next, in most animals B cells accounted for more than half of all endocrine cells. Dorsal and ventral portions of the pancreas differed in the proportions of various endocrine cells, specifically, in the A‐to‐PP cell ratio: the proportion of PP cells was higher in the ventral portion. The same tendency is seen in humans, rats and mice. Microscopic examinations revealed morphologically distinct secretory granules in A, B and D cells. The morphology of these granules was similar that of secretory granules found in rats and mice.
Enteroendocrine cell
Pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreatic Islets
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Fourteen cases of gastrointestinal endocrine tumors were examined im‐munohistochemically for peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, and somatostatin. Peptide YY cells were present in seven tumors, pancreatic polypeptide cells in eight tumors, glucagon cells in six tumors, and somatostatin cells in nine tumors. All 7 rectal endocrine tumors examined were found to contain peptide YY, while in the tumors of the other sites peptide YY cells were not detected. Peptide YY cell population in the rectal tumors was small to moderate in comparison with pancreatic polypeptide and glucagon cell population. This study suggests that peptide YY cells may be a common constituent of rectal endocrine tumors together with pancreatic polypeptide and glucagon cells, and that the peptide YY spectrum of gastrointestinal endocrine tumors may be closely related to the location of the tumors. Moreover, it can also be said that peptide YY may be used as one of the markers of rectal endocrine tumors.
Peptide YY
Pancreatic polypeptide
Enteroendocrine cell
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The gastroinestinal - pancreatic endocrine system, being a part of the diffuse neuro - endocrine system contains diffusely scattered cells and cell groups in the covering epithelium and glands from the gastro-intestinal tract. Although there is still no digestion in those early stages of embryo development the endocrine cells are highly differentiated and show morphologic characteristics that are identical with the ones in adults. The aim of the current study is the making of an ultra-structural characteristic of the different types of endocrine cells in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract of human embryos in the 5 th -6 th gestation week. The ultra- structural description of the endocrine cells in the mucosa of the gastro-intestinal tract of human embryos is one of the directions in their study which is trying to uncover the fundamental question of their embryonic origin.
Enteroendocrine cell
Human gastrointestinal tract
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The modern classification of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system (GEPES) is presented. Qualitative and quantitative composition of the entero-endocrine system (EES) included in the GEPES is considered, as well as functional role of every type of the cells. The literature data are summarized and the morphology at the light optic and electron microscopic levels of the endocrine cells and the peptidergic nerves of the intestine is demonstrated. The existing methods for investigation of the EES endocrine cells and for the whole neuroendocrine complex of the gastro-intestinal tract taken together are analysed.
Enteroendocrine cell
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Peptide YY
Pancreatic polypeptide
Enteroendocrine cell
Gastrointestinal hormone
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Enteroendocrine cell
Pancreatic Islets
Pancreatic polypeptide
Teleostei
Delta cell
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Enteroendocrine cell
Endocrine gland
Cell type
Genital tract
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Enteroendocrine cell
Endocrine gland
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The epithelium of colon mucosa of the adult cow was studied using the methods of light and electron microscopy to demonstrate the endocrine cells. Individual fluctuations of the endocrine cell content was noted as well as an increase in the total number of endocrine cells in the rectal epithelium, that was more pronounced tan in other vertebrates. Four types of endocrine cells were demonstrated: EC, L, D, D1. The variability of dimensions and shape of granules in EC-cells was found to be less tan in other vertebrate species. In some D1-cells the mucous granules were observed along with endocrine ones, thus indicating the presence of "mixed" exo-endocrine cells. Undifferentiated endocrine cells were also detected that were found at the bottom of the crypts. The features indicated above are the specific peculiarities of endocrine apparatus of the mucosal epithelium of cow colon.
Enteroendocrine cell
Cell type
Intestinal mucosa
Endocrine gland
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