Effects of aromatase or estrogen receptor gene deletion on the formation of sexually dimorphic nuclei in mice
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Developmental integration results from coordination among components of different embryonic fields to realize the later anatomical and functional relationships. We demonstrate that in the chick head, integration between the epibranchial placodes and the hindbrain is achieved as the neuroglial hindbrain crest cells guide the epibranchial neuronal cells inward to establish their central connections. This work defines a role for the neuroglial hindbrain crest in organizing the afferent innervation of the hindbrain.
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Hox proteins have long been known to function as transcriptional regulators during development of the vertebrate hindbrain. In particular, these factors are thought to play key roles in assigning distinct fates to the rhombomere segments arising in the embryonic hindbrain. However, it remains uncertain exactly how the Hox proteins fit into the regulatory networks controlling hindbrain formation. For instance, it is unclear if Hox proteins fulfill similar roles in different rhombomeres and if they are absolutely required for all aspects of each rhombomere fate. Recent advances in the discovery, characterization and functional analysis of hindbrain gene regulatory networks is now allowing us to revisit these types of questions. In this review we focus on recent data on the formation of caudal rhombomeres in vertebrates, with a specific focus on zebrafish, to derive an up-to-date view of the role for Hox proteins in the regulation of hindbrain development.
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The hindbrain is responsible for controlling essential functions such as respiration and heart beat that we literally do not think about most of the time. In addition, cranial nerves projecting from the hindbrain control muscles in the jaw, eye, and face, and receive sensory input from these same areas. In all vertebrates that have been studied, the hindbrain passes through a segmented phase shortly after the neural tube has formed, with a series of seven bulges--the rhombomeres--forming along the anterior-posterior extent of the neural tube. Our current understanding of vertebrate hindbrain development comes from integrating data from several model systems. Work on the chick has helped us to understand the cell biology of the rhombomeres, whereas the power of mouse molecular genetics has allowed investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying their development. This review focuses on the special insights that the zebrafish system has provided to our understanding of hindbrain development. As we will discuss, work in the zebrafish has elucidated inductive events that specify the presumptive hindbrain domain and has identified genes required for hindbrain segmentation and the specification of segment identities.
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Introduction: During development, the mesencephalon and rhomboencephalon are derived from two developmental compartments of the neural tube. The midbrain-hindbrain border (MHB) is defined by the controlled expression of genes, which is crucial for the cerebellar and brain stem development. Hindbrain is composed of three major parts: pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum. During development, the anterior part of the neural tube is divided into different segments, or rhombomeres, which possess a localized gene expression. This segmentation is highly important for the proper development of various brain regions and group of proteins are known to contribute to the localized gene expression. As specifically controlled gene expression gives rise to distinct midbrain-hindbrain structures, the developmentally related structures are often coaffected in diseases that are associated with early midbrain-hindbrain developmental disorders.
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Abstract Retinoid signaling plays an important role in the developmental patterning of the hindbrain. Studies of the teratogenic effects of retinoids showed early on that the hindbrain suffered patterning defects in cases of retinoid excess or deficiency. Closer examination of these effects in animal models suggested that retinoids might play a physiological role in specifying the antero‐posterior axis of the hindbrain. This idea was supported by the localization of retinoid synthetic and degradative enzymes, binding proteins, and receptors to the hindbrain and neighboring regions of the neuroepithelium and the mesoderm. In parallel, it became clear that the molecular patterning of the hindbrain, in terms of the regionalized expression of Hox genes and other developmental regulatory genes, is profoundly influenced by retinoid signaling. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 66: 705–725, 2006
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