Shox Homeobox Gene and Turner Syndrome
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DLX5
DLX5
Mesenchyme
Limb development
Apical ectodermal ridge
Homeobox A1
Forebrain
Limb bud
engrailed
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Homeobox A1
HNF1B
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5
DLX5
EMX2
Hindbrain
CDX2
Diencephalon
Developmental Biology
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DLX5
Homeobox A1
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5
HNF1B
CDX2
EMX2
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Homeobox genes constitute a large family of genes widely studied because of their role in the establishment of the body pattern. However, they are also involved in many other events during development and adulthood. The main olfactory epithelium (MOE) is an excellent model to study neurogenesis in the adult nervous system. Analyses of homeobox genes during development show that some of these genes are involved in the formation and establishment of cell diversity in the MOE. Moreover, the mechanisms of expression of odorant receptors (ORs) constitute one of the biggest enigmas in the field. Analyses of OR promoters revealed the presence of homeodomain binding sites in their sequences. Here we characterize the expression patterns of a set of 49 homeobox genes in the MOE with in situ hybridization. We found that seven of them (Dlx3, Dlx5, Dlx6, Msx1, Meis1, Isl1, and Pitx1) are zonally expressed. The homeobox gene Emx1 is expressed in three guanylate cyclase(+) populations, two located in the MOE and the third one in an olfactory subsystem known as Grüneberg ganglion located at the entrance of the nasal cavity. The homeobox gene Tshz1 is expressed in a unique patchy pattern across the MOE. Our findings provide new insights to guide functional studies that aim to understand the complexity of transcription factor expression and gene regulation in the MOE. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2713-2739, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DLX5
Homeobox A1
CDX2
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5
HNF1B
PAX6
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Homeobox A1
HNF1B
DLX5
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5
EMX2
CDX2
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Citations (2)
Homeobox genes are regulatory genes encoding nuclear proteins that act as transcription factors, regulating aspects of morphogenesis and cell differentiation during normal embryonic development of several animals. Vertebrate homeobox genes can be divided in two subfamilies: clustered, or HOX genes, and nonclustered, or divergent, homeobox genes. During the last decades, several homeobox genes, clustered and nonclustered ones, were identified in normal tissue, in malignant cells, and in different diseases and metabolic alterations. Homeobox genes are involved in the normal teeth development and in familial teeth agenesis. Normal development and cancer have a great deal in common, as both processes involve shifts between cell proliferation and differentiation. The literature is accumulating evidences that homeobox genes play an important role in oncogenesis. Many cancers exhibit expression of or alteration in homeobox genes. Those include leukemias, colon, skin, prostate, breast and ovarian cancers, among others. This review is aimed at introducing readers to some of the homeobox family functions in normal tissues and especially in cancer.
Homeobox A1
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5
HNF1B
DLX5
CDX2
EMX2
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Diencephalon
Forebrain
DLX5
Homeobox A1
HNF1B
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5
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DLX5 belongs to the six-member family of DLX genes characterized by a homeobox related to that found in the insect Distal-less (Dll) gene.The six DLX genes are organized as three bigenic pairs with a tail-to-tail orientation (Zerucha et al., 2000) and located on chromosomes where HOX clusters are also found (DLX5/DLX6; 7q21.3,syntenic to the HOXA cluster), (DLX1/DLX2; 2q32, syntenic to the HOXD cluster; Simeone et al., 1994) and (DLX3/DLX4; 17q21.33,syntenic to the HOXB cluster).During embryonic development DLX genes are involved in the control of appendage and craniofacial morphogenesis and in the differentiation of reproductive organs; in the adult they play a role in bone homeostasis and in the maintenance of tissue integrity.
DLX5
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5
Synteny
HNF1B
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The Dlx homeobox gene family is of ancient origin and crucial for embryonic development in invertebrates and vertebrates. The Dlx proteins are thought to function as DNA-binding transcriptional regulators, likely controlling large numbers of downstream effector genes. In mammals gene expression analysis of the six members of the Dlx gene family has been demonstrated in the nervous system, neural crest derivatives, branchial arches, and developing appendages. Through genetic approaches the Dlx genes have been implicated in patterning and development of the brain, craniofacial structures, and the axial and appendicular skeleton. Substantial functional redundancy within the Dlx gene family has prevented the analysis of single gene mutations from demonstrating the full developmental control exerted by the Dlx proteins. Here, we will discuss data from recent combined loss and gain-of-function genetic mutations, which have given greater insight into the role of Dlx homeobox genes in craniofacial, limb, and bone development.
DLX5
Limb development
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The homeobox genes of Drosophila perform key functions in embryonic pattern formation, and their vertebrate counterparts may play similar developmental roles. Using polymerase chain reaction technology, we have identified four murine homologs of the Drosophila Distal-less homeobox gene that are expressed in midgestation embryos. The homeodomains encoded by these genes vary considerably from other known homeodomain sequences and represent a new family of vertebrate homeobox genes. We isolated a cDNA for one of these genes (Dlx-2) and studied its expression by in situ hybridization from 8.5 days postcoitum (pc) until postnatal day 1. Dlx-2 shows a restricted pattern of expression in the ventral forebrain, extending from the olfactory bulb to the ventral diencephalon. This domain of expression may delineate an ontogenetically defined subdivision within the forebrain. The murine Distal-less genes are the first homeobox genes described whose expression in the central nervous system is exclusively restricted to the forebrain. Thus, the Distal-less genes may contribute missing positional cues not provided by the previously identified vertebrate homeobox genes.
DLX5
HNF1B
Homeobox A1
Forebrain
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5
EMX2
CDX2
Diencephalon
PAX6
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Citations (128)