Immune System‐Related Differentially Expressed Genes, Transcription Factors and microRNA s in Post‐Menopausal Females with Osteopenia
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This study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in post-menopausal females with osteopenia and further screened the potentially involved transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). Data set GSE13850 of circulating B lymphocytes from post-menopausal females with low or high bone mineral density (BMD) was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. Limma package in R was used to identify DEGs following raw data processing. Enrichment analysis was performed using DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery) and visualized using plug-in EnrichmentMap of Cytoscape software. The TFs of DEGs were screened using UCSC (University of California, Santa Cruz) Genome Browser, and miRNAs targeting DEGs were predicted using TarBase, TargetScan and miRecord databases, followed by constructing regulatory networks using Cytoscape software. Totally 52 DEGs were obtained from post-menopausal females with low BMD compared with those with high BMD. Those DEGs including IL-4R, IL-2RG, TGF-β1 and CD74 were mostly related to functions associated with immune response, lymphocyte activation, T cell differentiation, leucocyte activation and immune system process. NFAT, NF-κB and EGR family members might have a regulatory effect on these DEGs. PAX5 could regulate 15 DEGs including ZFP36L2 and KLF13. Abundant miRNAs were also found to target dysregulated ZFP36L2 and KLF13. Dysregulated IL-4R, IL-2RG, TGF-β1 and CD74 may mediate the interplay of immune changes and oestrogen deficiency-induced osteopenia, and disorder functions of NF-κB, NFAT and EGR family members. PAX5 and various miRNAs might exert regulatory effect on osteopenia via targeting ZFP36L2 and KLF13.Keywords:
Osteopenia
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Premature infants have an increased risk of osteopenia due to limited bone mass accretion in utero and a greater need for bone nutrients. Until recently, most efforts to prevent osteopenia of prematurity focused on nutritional changes. Recent studies indicate that passive range-of-motion exercise of the extremities may lead to beneficial effects on body weight, increased bone mineralization, increased bone formation markers and leptin levels, and attenuation of the natural postnatal decline in bone speed of sound. These results suggest that exercise may play an important role in the prevention and treatment of osteopenia of prematurity. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of exercise in the prevention and treatment of osteopenia of prematurity.
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The occurrence of osteopenia and osteoporosis is a major problem of ageing. For assessing the severity of bone loss, bone mineral density (BMD) measurement is the gold standard. Because of the limitations of BMD, use of simpler serum-based tests to classify osteoporosis/osteopenia patients is gaining interest. In this preliminary work, we aimed to discriminate between healthy individuals and osteoporosis/osteopenia patients through a simple serum-based equation.In this study, blood from 84 elderly persons were collected and levels of vitamin D, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), copper (Cu) and strontium (Sr) were analysed. Additionally, all persons included in the study underwent BMD measurement.Bone mineral density showed that 28 persons had osteoporosis, 28 persons suffered from osteopenia and 28 persons were classified as normal. Using the above-mentioned parameters and major determinants of bone loss disorders, ie age and body mass index (BMI), we suggested various equations. The "Osteo-Pars" equation that is derived from the formula [(Sr × Age)/BMI] showed the best diagnostic accuracy in receiver operating characteristic analysis.The suggested equation is a simple model that obtains reasonable results in discriminating healthy individuals from patients with osteopenia/osteoporosis. More study is needed to reach an exact, conclusive statement about the potential clinical application of this equation in the assessment of bone loss severity.
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We studied osteopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Total body bone mineral density showed a positive correlation with the lumbar spine bone mineral density, and % age matched total body bone mineral density under 90% was defined as osteopenia. The incidence of osteopenia in 54 patients with liver cirrhosis was 20.4%. Since this osteopenia had no relationship to the general risk factors for osteoporosis, it was suggested that it is a complication specific to liver cirrhosis. Because the level of serum total bilirubin and the activity of serum total alkaline phosphatase in the group with osteopenia were usually higher than those in the group without osteopenia, it was suggested that osteopenia in liver cirrhosis might be related to hepatic dysfunction.
Osteopenia
Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
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Osteopenia
Etiology
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Osteopenia is regarded as the Bone Mineral Density (BMD) which is lower than that of the average value but not as low as Osteoporosis. In Pakistan, Osteoporosis and Osteopenia among women have become one of the most common problems of recent times. Objectives: To find the frequency of osteopenia among females in Faisalabad and its association with SES (Socio Economic Status). Methodology: It was an analytical and cross-sectional study which was conducted at Niaz Medicare Clinic in Faisalabad. The study was completed in 9 months from 18 October 2019 to 18 July 2020. Non probability purposive sampling was done and 323 females were taken for the study. Results: The results demonstrated that 56.3% of the population had Osteopenia. Socio Economic Status had as statistically significant association with Osteopenia (p= 0.041). The results also revealed that the females belonging to middle class and lower class had a higher prevalence of Osteopenia than the females of upper Socio Economic Status. Conclusion: the frequency of Osteopenia was fairly high among females specifically the age group 18-29 years. There was an association found between Osteopenia and Socio Economic status (p =0.041).
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Cross-sectional study
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Objectives: To study the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis (OP) among residents of the Kyrgyz Republic in 3 different age categories (18-39 years, 40-59 years, and 60-79 years), Give a comparative assessment of the prevalence of osteopenia and OP depending on gender and Based on the results, make proposals for the identification and diagnosis of osteopenia and OP in the Kyrgyz Republic. Materials and Methods: An Ultrasound bone densitometry (USBD) studied the Bone mineral density (BMD) in a total of 1200 people with 691 women and 509 men of 3 different age categories (18-39 years, 40-59 years, 60-79 years). Results: In the first group from 18-39 years, normal values found in 55.6% of people, osteopenia in 38.9% of people and OP in 5.5% of people. In the second group, from 40-59 years old, normal values found in 30.9% people, osteopenia in 60.2% people and OP in 8.9% people. Moreover, in the third group, from 60- 79 years, normal values were found in 9.5%, osteopenia is seen in 50.2% and OP in 40.3% of older people. Conclusion: Osteopenia and OP are quite common not only in the older age but even affect people of a younger age. The frequency of detection of osteopenia and OP is the highest recorded in older age groups. Women mostly exposed to OP that has pronounced degrees of BMD affection.
Osteopenia
Densitometry
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Under the current diagnostic criteria for primary osteoporosis, patients are diagnosed as having osteopenia if their bone density is between 70 and 80% of the average bone density of young adult women. Osteopenia is essentially a precursor for osteoporosis, and because prevention is the basis of osteoporosis treatment, halting the progression of osteopenia into osteoporosis is very important. In other words, the risk factors associated with osteoporosis in each patient must be assessed, and if rapid bone mass loss is expected or confirmed, drug therapy should then be actively administered.
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Abstract Pathological bone changes affect locomotor activity and may influence the outcome and prognosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we determined the relationship between bone changes and PD. Bone study was performed by multiple scanning x‐ray photodensitometry (MD/MS) in 64 patients with PD and 42 age‐matched controls. We then compared the results with the clinical characteristics of PD. Osteopenia was detected in 22 (53.6%) of the 41 female and 6 (26%) of the 23 male patients, and in 6 (26%) of the 23 female and 2 (10.5%) of the 19 male controls. The frequency of osteopenia was significantly greater in the female patients than in the male patients or the female controls. Osteopenia was related to the duration of PD in the men, but not in the women. Twenty of 40 PD patients' hands showed side‐related differences in the analysis of both hands. In 19 of the 20 patients, the side of more severe osteopenia coincided with that of parkinsonian symptoms, suggesting that osteopenia is related to the pathophysiology of PD.
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Clinical neurology
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Decreased bone mass in the astronauts indicates that the gravity force is an important factor for bone physiology. Similarly, prolonged immobilization, such as bed-rest, induces severe osteopenia and pathological fracture. Recently the molecular mechanisms by which mechanical stress increases bone mass and immobilization induces osteopenia have been elucidated. In this manuscript, this molecular mechanism of the immobilization induced osteopenia and the promising roles of PTH in the pathogenesis and treatment of the immobilization induced osteopenia will be discussed briefly.
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Pathogenesis
Bone Formation
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