Ball milling of jute fibre wastes to prepare nanocellulose
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The objective of this work was to use the spinning waste in form of short fibres for the preparation of nano size fillers in nanocomposite applications. The present paper concerns with the jute fibres as the source to produce nanocellulose by high energy planetary ball milling process and its potential applications as fillers in biodegradable nanocomposite plastics used in automotives, packaging and agriculture applications. Influence of various milling conditions like nature of milling (i.e. dry or wet), milling time and ball size are studied on the particle size distribution and morphology of jute nanoparticles obtained. Wet milling in the deionised water resulted into particle size refinement below 500 nm with narrow size distribution after 3 hours of milling at the cost of small amount of contaminations introduced from milling media.Keywords:
Nanocellulose
Wet-milling
Nano-Sb powders were synthesized by wet ball milling with Sb powder of 250 μm as raw material and distilled water and alkylphenol ethoxylates emulsifier as additives.Crystalline phases,morphology and particle size of Sb powder samples were characterized by XRD,TEM and FT-IR for studying the effect of milling time and milling rates on the nano-Sb powders.Results show that when 1 ml/g distilled water and 0.2 ml/g OP-10 are added into the raw material,and milling rates is 150 r/min and milling time is 18 h,the best dispersed nano-Sb powders are obtained,which has a narrow distribution of particle size with the average particle size of 10 nm.
Distilled water
Wet-milling
Nanometre
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A method measuring the size of nanoparticles attribute to pedagogical experiments is investigated. By comparing the apparent gravity of nanoparticles from weighing method with the particle size distribution from TEM imaging, a strong correlation between the apparent gravity and particle size distribution of nanoparticles is gotten. Using the correlation, the apparent gravity can be converted into the particle size. The dependence of preparation parameters and the nanoparticles size is also investigated.
Particle (ecology)
Specific gravity
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The SmCox (x=3.5, 4, 5, 6, 8.5, and 10) magnetic nanoparticles with different composition have been prepared by surfactant-assisted ball milling technique. By controlling the settle-down time and the centrifugation conditions, the SmCox nanoparticles with different particle size and narrow size distribution were successfully obtained. It was observed that the SmCo nanoparticles become unstable with increasing Sm content. It was also observed that the coercivity of the SmCox nanoparticles increases with Co content and particle size, indicating a complex effect of the particle size and composition on magnetic hardening of the hard magnetic nanoparticles.
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Fe–Cu nanoparticles were synthesized by mechanochemical processing, which utilizes the reaction of FeCl3 and CuCl2 with Na during ball milling. Morphologies, structures and magnetic properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated. The crystallite size and mean particle size of the washed nanoparticles after 84 h milling were approximately 9 nm and 50 nm, respectively. During ball milling, the crystallite size remained constant at approximately 14 nm, while the particle size increased. The elemental mapping images of Fe and Cu by imaging filter revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles were a solid solution of the Fe–Cu system. It was seen that numerous hexagonal plates of Fe(OH)2 exist in the washed nanoparticles. The plates had a few nm in thickness and a few hundreds nm in diameter. The coercivity of the synthesized Fe–Cu nanoparticles after 48 h milling was as high as 33.5 kA/m. This is because the particle is close to the critical size for a single magnetic domain of α-Fe.
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The objective of this work was to use the spinning waste in form of short fibres for the preparation of nano size fillers in nanocomposite applications. The present paper concerns with the jute fibres as the source to produce nanocellulose by high energy planetary ball milling process and its potential applications as fillers in biodegradable nanocomposite plastics used in automotives, packaging and agriculture applications. Influence of various milling conditions like nature of milling (i.e. dry or wet), milling time and ball size are studied on the particle size distribution and morphology of jute nanoparticles obtained. Wet milling in the deionised water resulted into particle size refinement below 500 nm with narrow size distribution after 3 hours of milling at the cost of small amount of contaminations introduced from milling media.
Nanocellulose
Wet-milling
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Particle (ecology)
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In order to compare the efficiency of grinding of stirred bead milling and conventional boll milling, electrical porcelain was prepared by combined the two process.The size distribution of the powders was tested by laser particle size analyzer.The morphology of electrical porcelain compaction was analyzed with SEM.The flexural strength and electric insulating strength were tested according to national standard GB/T 775-2006.The results show that compared with the conventional drum-type ball milling,the grinding effect of stirred bead milling for 15 min was better than that of ball milling for 40 h.Prolonging the stirred bead milling time from 15min to 60 min could be obvious in refining particles of 10μm or above in diameter.The particle size was less than 6μm when the method of twice-adding was used in preparation of electrical porcelain body.By combination of ball milling and stirred bead milling,the electrical porcelain had a similar average particle size and little large size particles,about 50%milling time was saved.The effect of twice-adding process on electric insulating strength of the electrical material was small,and the flexural strength was enhanced by 20%-30%.
Bead
Wet-milling
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In this research, copper (Cu)-carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanocomposites were synthesized with different weight percentages of CNTs by double pressing double sintering (DPDS) method as well as conventional sintering method. A planetary ball mill was used to disperse CNTs in Cu matrix. The milled powders were first cold pressed to 450 MPa in a uniaxial stainless-steel die with cylindrical compacts (diameter: 12 mm and height: 5 mm). The effect of CNTs content and the DPDS method on the properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. The microstructure and phase analysis of Cu-CNTs nanocomposite samples were studied by FESEM and X-Ray Diffraction. The electrical conductivity of nanocomposites was measured and compared to both sintering methods. Mechanical properties of Cu-CNTs nanocomposites were characterized using bending strength and micro-hardness measurements. Enhancements of about 32% in bending strength, 31.6% in hardness and 19.5% in electrical conductivity of Cu-1 wt.% CNTs nanocomposite synthesized by DPDS method were observed as compared to Cu-1 wt.% CNTs nanocomposites fabricated under the similar condition by a conventional sintering process.
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Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced Al-Si (11 wt%) alloy based nanocomposites were synthesized by spark plasma sintering using high energy ball milled nanocrystalline Al-Si powders mixed with physically functionalized MWCNTs. Improvement in MWCNT dispersion and associated improvement in densification of the nanocomposites were confirmed. The microhardness and elastic modulus of the nanocomposites measured by nanoindentation exhibited appreciable improvement. Grain size measurement by X ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirmed achievement of nanocrystalline grains in Al-Si powder after ball milling, as well as in the consolidated nanocomposites. TEM analysis was performed to reveal the dislocation activity, effect of presence of primary Si and distribution of MWCNTs in the nanocomposites.
Spark Plasma Sintering
Nanocrystalline material
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The effect of milling mediums on nano-Sb powder prepared by ball milling was explored.Taking Sb powder of 250μm as raw material,some different Sb powder was synthesized by mechanical ball milling in the course of dry grinding or wet grinding with different additives as milling mediums respectively.Crystalline phases,morphology and particle size of Sb powder samples were characterized by XRD,TEM and FT-IR.Results show that different milling mediums play different role in the preparing process of nano-Sb powder by using ball milling method.There is oxidation phenomenon of Sb powder in the preparing of dry grinding,while pure nano-Sb particles can be prepared by ball milling with some milling mediums.When the milling medium is distilled water,Sb powder can be prevented from oxidating effectively,however,its dispersion is low.The Sb powder prepared with milling mediums of distilled water and sodium dodecyl sulfate is higher dispersibility,which has a wide distribution of particle size.When the milling mediums of distilled water and OP-10 were used,the resulting nano-Sb powder is evenly dispersed,which has a narrow distribution of particle size and an average particle size of 20 nm.
Distilled water
Wet-milling
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