International Research on the Effects of in Utero Exposure to Air Pollutants on Child Growth and Development, Asthma, and Cancer Risk
Frederica P. PereraVirginia RauhRobin M. WhyattSeth LedermanRichard K. MillerWiesław JędrychowskiPatrick L. KinneyDavid CamannHoward AndrewsManuela OrjuelaDeliang Tang
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P-464 Introduction: The Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health is conducting international longitudinal molecular epidemiologic research on the health effects of in utero[r] and postnatal exposures to common urban pollutants. Methods: The Northern Manhattan (NM) Study[r] examines respiratory health, development, and cancer risk in 700 children prenatally exposed to common air pollutants from fuel burning, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), residential pesticides, indoor allergens, lead and mercury. The World Trade Center (WTC) Study in NYC is assessing the effects of air pollutants released by the destruction of the WTC on fetal growth, respiratory health, and cognitive development in 329 newborns whose mothers were pregnant on 9/11/01. The Study in Krakow, Poland assesses the same pollutants (except pesticides) and health outcomes as the NM study, among over 400 children in Krakow, a city with high levels of combustion-generated pollutants from coal burning. The Study in China examines the effects of in utero exposure to air pollutants in Chongqing where a coal burning power plant was located. Two sets of pregnant women and their newborns have been enrolled into the study: the first before the plant was shut down, the second after closure Results: In the NM study, prenatal exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, (PAHs), ETS and pesticides were associated with significantly reduced fetal growth, neurocognitive delay and/or attentional deficits, increased chromosomal aberrations in cord blood, and increased risk of asthma. In the WTC study, babies born to women living within 1–2 miles of the WTC in the weeks after 9/11 had significantly lower birth weight and length than babies born to women living further away. The levels of PAH-DNA adducts, and certain halogenated compounds were also elevated in maternal and/or cord blood among residents living close to the WTC site. The Krakow study and the other two cohorts show genetic damage from PAHs (PAH-DNA adducts) in umbilical cord blood was about 10-fold higher than maternal adducts per estimated unit of exposure, indicating heightened fetal susceptibility. PAHs in prenatal air were linked to decreased fetal growth and asthma symptom, as in the NM study. The Study in China has found adverse effects on fetal and child growth and development related to exposure to power plant emissions and is determining the longer-term health benefits to children of eliminating in utero exposure to these toxic air pollutants. Conclusion: These studies have demonstrated multiple effects of prenatal exposures in different populations and across a gradient of exposure.Keywords:
Tobacco smoke
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[Objective] To study the health risk assessment of air pollution in Wuwei.[Method] The health risk assement method of Amercian EPA was adopted to analyze the monitoring data of air pollutants SO2 and NO2 in Wuwei from 2003 to 2010,and determine the health risk of air pollutants to the residents.[Result] The air quality of Wuwei was good,and main air pollutants had little risks to the residents' health.[Conclusion] The air environment in Wuwei was good,and it had little impact on the residents' health.
Health Risk Assessment
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This chapter contains sections titled: What is the Atmosphere? What is the Atmosphere Composed Of? What is Air Pollution? How do Air Pollutants behave in the Atmosphere? How do Air Pollutants Affect Health and the Environment? Criteria Air Pollutants Global Warming Sources of Air Pollution Regulatory Control of Air Pollution Conclusion
Air pollutant concentrations
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I realize that all aspects of air pollution could not be covered in the report "Pediatric Aspects of Air Pollution" by the Committee on Environmental Hazards (Pediatrics, 46:637). The material presented suggests that there is an established clinical "cause and effect" relationship between air pollutants and disease; unfortunately this is not so. We have some statistics which indicate that air pollution affects patients with myocardial infarctions, and that mortality in the aged increased during air polution catastrophies (Meuse Valley, 1930; Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948; and London, 1952 and 1962).
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I realize that all aspects of air pollution could not be covered in the report Pediatric Aspects of Air Pollution by the Committee on Environmental Hazards (Pediatrics, 46:637). The material presented suggests that there is an established clinical cause and effect relationship between air pollutants and disease; unfortunately this is not so. We have some statistics which indicate that air pollution affects patients with myocardial infarctions, and that mortality in the aged increased during air polution catastrophies (Meuse Valley, 1930; Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948; and London, 1952 and 1962).
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To date, the assessment of public health consequences of air pollution has largely focused on a single-pollutant approach aimed at estimating the increased risk of adverse health outcomes associated with the exposure to a single air pollutant, adjusted for the exposure to other air pollutants. However, air masses always contain many pollutants in differing amounts, depending on the types of emission sources and atmospheric conditions. Because humans are simultaneously exposed to a complex mixture of air pollutants, many organizations have encouraged moving towards "a multipollutant approach to air quality." Although there is general agreement that multipollutant approaches are desirable, the challenges of implementing them are vast.
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Pollution levels in Metros of India are raising to alarm levels in last decades. This issue needs to be addressed immediately because it is hazardous to people's health. The present work is focused to highlight the major air pollutants in various areas of Hyderabad using publicly available data at Kaggle.com. By consolidating more air pollutants into fewer factors, this study's key objective is to reduce the complexity of air pollution. This helps to understand the interdependency of air pollutants. Ten air pollution-causing components of five different locations including residential and industrial areas in Hyderabad were identified and analyzed using Factor Analysis. There was an attempt made to find out the contribution of various air pollutant components to air pollution using standard Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation and factor analysis using the Varimax method. The results of the analysis showed similar air pollutant components resulting in factors depending on the nature of the location. Residential cum industrial areas, ICRISAT and ZOO park had PM2.5, PM10, NOx, CO grouped into Factor 1 as major contribution to AQI, VOCs were the second major contributors followed by NH3, SO2, O3. However, in the residential area HCU ten air pollutants resulted into only two factors; first factor being CO, SO2, O3 and VOCs as contributors generated due to residential communities and PM2.5, PM10, NOx, NH3 as factor two. Bollaram has PM2.5, PM10, CO, O3 as factor one as major pollution is contributed due to traffic and industries and Pashamylaram has NOx, SO2 and VOCs as factor one due to the presence of pharmaceutical industries in the vicinity.
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Air pollution, one of the most serious problems in the world also manifests as a major risk to health and the environment. This study focuses on analysing the air quality trends by means of Air Quality Index (AQI) and the pollutant levels in India over the years of 2016-2018. The results show that air quality has been plummeting as years pass by and calculation of parameters such as AQI(Air quality index) helped us arrive at this conclusion. The hourly changes revealed that peaks of pollutant levels from 8:00 - 10:00 as well as 17:00 - 19:00. Striking trends were observed with respect to bandh days, festivals and harvesting seasons.Rainfall confirms to a negative correlation with pollution levels. Investigation results elucidates that industrial activities, indiscriminate open air burning of crops by the farmers, vehicular traffic etc. are responsible for the high concentration of pollutants. A first principles method of forecasting pollution levels reveals that a naive set of parameters do not prove to be efficacious.
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A selective review of clinical and experimental data pertaining to air pollution and its effects on health and disease is presented. Various air pollutants, their effects on health and national air quality standard levels are outlined. The guidelines for asthmatic patients to follow during air pollution episodes are enumerated.
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Abstract A brief description of a continuous gas sampling network is presented in which a number of air pollutants is to be measured in six United States cities beginning about mid 1961. Parameters are presented of aerometric measurements from a two year study of sulfur dioxide in Louisville, Kentucky, to be related to health and other effects. Six equations are developed to depict the frequency, duration, and air pollution dosage.
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