Crack Length Estimation from the Damage Modelisation around a Cavityi in the Orthopedic Cement of the Total Hip Prosthesis
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In orthopedic surgery and particularly in the total hip arthroplasty, the stem fixation is performed in general using a surgical cement which consists essentially of polymer (PMMA). Fracture of cement and prosthesis loosening appears after a high-stress level. This phenomenon origin is due to the presence of micro-cavities in the PMMA volume. The focus of our study is the modeling using the finite-element method of the cement damage around these cavities, the cavities' sizes and shapes effect on the damage risk, and the crack length estimation due to this damage. A small Fortran schedule was incorporated with the Abaqus code to calculate the damage zone. Results show that the presence of a cavity in the cement increases the damage parameter. The damage appears when the cavity is located in cement on the loading axis. If the cavity changes its shape from circular to elliptical, the size of the damage zone increases. One can predict the initiation of a crack in cement with a maximal length of 70μm.Keywords: total hip prosthesis, crack, bone cement, biomechanics, damage.Keywords:
Bone cement
Acrylic bone cement is weakened by its porosity, which promotes the formation of microcracks, which contribute to major crack propagation and ultimately failure of the cement mantle. Bone cement mixing techniques play a significant role in determining the quality of bone cement produced. A high degree of porosity is found to exist in cement that is inadequately mixed. Current commercial bone cement mixing systems allow for the preparation of the bone cement under the application of a vacuum in a closed, sealed chamber by means of a repeatable mixing action. These mixing systems are perceived to be repeatable and reliable by orthopaedic community. In this paper, the quality of bone cement mixed using an operator independent bone cement mixing system was compared with that of cement prepared using commercially available devices. The results of the investigation highlighted that cement prepared using the automated, repeatable mixing regime that is operator independent demonstrated consistently better physical and mechanical properties in comparison with cement mixed using proprietary cement mixing devices. Furthermore, Design of Experiments software established the optimal factors that influenced the physical and mechanical properties of PMMA bone cement.
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Abstract In this paper, we reported the results of our efforts in developing DCPA/nanosilica composite orthopedic cement. It is motivated by the significances of DCPA and silicon in bone physiological activities. More specifically, this paper examined the effects of various experimental parameters on the properties of such composite cements. In this work, DCPA cement powders were synthesized using a microwave synthesis technique. Mixing colloidal nanosilica directly with synthesized DCPA cement powders can significantly reduce the washout resistance of DCPA cement. In contrast, a DCPA–nanosilica cement powder prepared by reacting Ca(OH) 2 , H 3 PO 4 and nanosilica together showed good washout resistance. The incorporation of nanosilica in DCPA can improve compressive strength, accelerate cement solidification, and intensify surface bioactivity. In addition, it was observed that by controlling the content of NaHCO 3 during cement preparation, the resulting composite cement properties could be modified. Allowing for the development of different setting times, mechanical performance and crystal features. It is suggested that DCPA–nanosilica composite cement can be a potential candidate for bone healing applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B, 102B: 1620–1626, 2014.
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The development of bone cement has experienced several stages, from polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) bone cement, calcium phosphate cement(CPC) to glassbased bioactive bone cement(GBC). In this period, the mechanical and bioactive properties of bone cement was improved and its application was developed. In this article the latest research in bone cement, particularly, glassbased bone cement is introduced. The factors that affected the property is discussed and the possible future advances in this field is pointed out.
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Vertebral compression fractures are treated surgically for approximately 25 years. In percutaneous cement augmentation techniques bone cement is applied to a fractured vertebra under fluoroscopic evidence to stabilize the bone fragments. Complications due to leakage of the low viscosity bone cement are reported in 5 to 15% of all routine cases. During the intraoperative application of bone cement surgeons rely on visiohaptic feedback and hence need to be familiar with the cement's rheology properties. Therefore, training is necessary. A hybrid simulator for cement augmentation training was developed but the usage of expensive real cement limits its purpose as a training modality. Twentythree inexpensive bone substitutes were developed and tested with the objective to mimic real bone cement. Cement application measurements were conducted and a mathematical model of the measurement setup was created. Compared with real bone cement, a cement substitute based on Technovit 3040 in combination with radical catchers and additional additives was identified as an appropriate substitute for cement augmentation training.
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Purpose of the Study This study aims at investigating the effect of application time of bone cement on the cement-bone interface strength in two types of commercially available bone cements, Cement-A and Cement-B. Materials and methods Cement-A and Cement-B were applied to cancellous bone specimens at two different times; 2 and 4 minutes (min). The bone specimens were formulated from bovine bone. Specimens were loaded to failure and the force at which the cement-bone interface failed was recorded. The shear strength of the cement-bone interface was calculated by dividing the force at failure by the cross-sectional surface area of the cement-bone interface. Results The mean (± standard deviation) and median (inter-quartile range) shear strength of the cement-bone interface was 2.79 ± 1.29 MPa and 2.29 (2.34) MPa for Cement-A applied at 2 min; 1.35 ± 0.89 MPa and 1.35 (1.74) MPa for Cement-A applied at 4 min; 2.93 ± 1.21 MPa and 3.01 (2.61) MPa for Cement-B applied at 2 min; and 3.00 ± 1.11 MPa and 2.92 (1.61) MPa for Cement-B applied at 4 min. Compared to all other groups, the cement-bone interface strength was significantly lower when Cement-A was applied to the bone specimens at 4 min (p Conclusions Under these testing conditions, the cement-bone interface strength did not seem to be affected by the time of application of Cement-B to bone. However, it was significantly lower when Cement-A was applied to bone at 4 min.
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In literature reports on strontia-containing PMMA bone cements, the strontia was combined with another material, micron-sized particles were used and in vitro fatigue data are sparse. The present report is on the in vitro characterisation of a strontia-containing PMMA bone cement in which nano-sized strontia particles that were not combined with any other material were used (NANOSRO cement). Compared to the control cement (a commercially-based cement brand with the same composition as that of NANOSRO cement, except that the radiopacifier was BaSO4), NANOSRO cement had significantly higher radiopacity, lower polymerisation rate at 37°C and longer fatigue life. With regard to setting time, maximum exotherm temperature and compressive strength, the values for both cements were within the limits stipulated in the relevant testing standards. These results suggest that NANOSRO cement has promise for use in anchoring total joint replacements and, therefore, should be studied further.
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Abstract A new bioactive bone cement (designated GBC), which is a polymethyl methacrylate‐ (PMMA‐) based composite consisting of bioactive glass beads as an inorganic filler and high‐molecular‐weight PMMA (hPMMA) as an organic matrix, has been developed. The bioactive glass beads consist of MgO‐CaO‐SiO 2 ‐P 2 O 5 ‐CaF 2 glass. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of CaF 2 on osteoconductivity and to evaluate the degree of cement degradation with time. Three different types of cement were prepared. GBC(F +), which has been previously described, consisted of CaF 2 ‐containing bioactive glass beads and hPMMA. GBC(F −) consisted of CaF 2 ‐free bioactive glass beads and hPMMA. The third cement was hPMMA itself (as a reference material). These three types of cement were packed into the intramedullary canals of rat tibiae to evaluate osteoconductivity, as determined by an affinity index calculated as the length of bone in direct contact with the cement surface expressed as a percentage of the total length of the cement surface. Rats were killed at 4, 8, 25, and 52 weeks after implantation, and the affinity index was calculated for each type of cement at each time point. Histologically, new bone had formed along the surface of both GBC(F +) and GBC(F −) within 4 weeks, whereas hPMMA had little contact with bone, and an intervening soft tissue layer between bone and cement was detected. No significant difference in affinity index was found between GBC(F +) and GBC(F −) at any of the time points studied, although GBC(F −) showed higher affinity indices than GBC(F +) at 8, 25, and 52 weeks. The affinity indices for GBC(F +) and GBC(F −) were significantly higher than those for hPMMA at all time points. With GBC(F +) and GBC(F −), significant increases in the affinity indices were found as the implantation period increased, and the affinity index values at 52 weeks reached more than 70%. In hPMMA, no significant increase in affinity index was observed up to 52 weeks, and the value at 52 weeks was less than 30%. Although no significant difference in affinity index was found between GBC(F +) and GBC(F −), GBC(F −) is conclusively better than GBC(F +) because diseases such as chronic fluorosis might be caused by CaF 2 ‐containing glass beads. Regarding the cement degradation of both GBC(F +) and GBC(F −), the degree of the degradation at 25 weeks was the same as that at 52 weeks. Therefore, the cement degradation does not appear to proceed rapidly. Further studies are needed to better understand the degradation process. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 65B: 262–271, 2003
Bioactive Glass
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Abstract A ZnO containing nano‐hydroxyapatite/chitosan (n‐HA/CS) cement was developed and its bone formation ability was investigated in vitro and in vivo . The physico‐chemical properties of the cement were determined in terms of pH variation during and after setting, injectability and wettability. The results indicated that, the pH varied from 7.04 to 7.12 throughout the soaking of the cement in distilled water. The injectability was excellent during the first 4 min, but the cement became less injectable or even not injectable at all after 7 min setting. The static contact angle of the cement against water was 53.5 ± 2.7°. The results of immersion tests in simulated body fluid (SBF) indicated that the cement exhibited excellent bone‐like apatite forming ability. In vivo studies, involving the installation of the cement of tibial‐bone defects in rabbit tibia revealed an inflammatory response around the cement at 3 days of implantation. After 4 weeks, the inflammation began to disappear and the cement had bound to the surrounding host bone. Radiological examination also confirmed that the ZnO containing n‐HA/CS cement significantly induced new bone formation. These results suggest that the ZnO containing n‐HA/CS cement may be beneficial to enhance bone regeneration in osseous defect sites. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
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