Detonation reactivity of alkane and alkene–air mixtures
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Stoichiometry
Alkane
Abstract As a promising method for synthesizing nanosized materials, detonation method was used to prepare TiO 2 nanoparticles. A new method for predicting the Chapman‐Jouguet (C‐J) detonation parameters of C a H b O c N d Ti e explosives, such as detonation heat, detonation temperature, and detonation pressure, was introduced according to the approximate reaction equations of detonation. The coefficient of oxygen balance of explosive was also calculated according to the specific detonation synthesis experiment. The calculation method was more useful in predicting the formation processes of detonation products and optimizing the experimental procedure. It could also support theory foundation for further experiments to some extent.
Nanocrystalline material
Oxygen balance
Detonation velocity
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This research was performed on 60 semen samples collected from four Phanrang breed rams at the Sontay goat and rabbit research Centre (Hatay province). After the collection, only the samples with good progressive motion (> 70%) were accepted and diluted into diluents. The finally dilute rate was 1:6 (semen:diluent). The temperature of diluents when they were diluted into the semens was 34oC and the stored temperature was 5oC. Research was performed on four diluents: TR diluent (Tris-citric acid-fructose-egg yolk-penicillin and streptomycin), TR diluent with 1% Glycerol, TR diluent with 5% glycerol and TR diluent with 6% DMSO. The progressive motion, the survival rate and the abnormal rate of spermatozoa were evalued during the storage time. The results showed that the TR diluent had maitained a good viability of spermatozoa. Semens stored in the diluents, which had been added either with 1% glycerol or 6% DMSO, had good viability uper 96 hours. The addition of 5% glycerol into the TR diluent reduced its ability to maitain the viability of permatozoa after 72 hours of storage.
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WT5”BZ]The comparative experimental study on the single detonation wave of an ethyne air mixture under various conditions was made.The effect of the detonation chamber closeness on the detonation wave formation was studied.It was found that the developed detonation wave (CJ detonation) was produced when the detonation chamber was completely closed,but the strength of the detonation wave was obviously decreased when one end of the detonation chamber was closed and the other end was open. [WT5”HZ]
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The history of the development of fluorinated compounds as potential diluents in solvent extraction processes is described. Fluorinated diluents were first investigated in the former Soviet Union and later in the United States and Europe. Fluorinated diluents represent a class of compounds that can be used as primary diluents or as phase modifiers. They are of particular utility when extractant solubility is limited in traditional hydrocarbon diluents and a polar diluent is needed. The chemical and physical characterisitics of fluorinated diluents are provided for a broad range of compounds. Other properties such as toxidcity and resistance to radiolysis are described. Fluorinated compounds have been studied for over 40 years and have been used at industrial scale as a primary diluent for cesium and strontium extraction in Russia and as a phase modifer for an insustrial-scale cesium extraction process in the United States. The advantages and disadvantages of traditional hydrocarbon diluents are compared with chlorinated diluents, chlorinated and fluorinated diluents, and a number of different types of fluorinated diluents. Developing trends for teh use of fluorinated diluents in solvent extraction processes are discussed. This article should provide assistance to researchers investigating new or improved solvent extraction processes where traditional hydrocarbon diluents may not be appropriate.
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Equivalence ratio
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Three experiments were carried out to find the optimal concentration of DMSO and glycerol in BF5 diluent for freezing rabbit spermatozoa. Semen was diluted 1:1 with diluent A (BF5 + DMSO) at 25 degrees C and diluted further 1:1 with diluent B (diluent A + glycerol) after cooling down to 5 degrees C. Diluted semen was frozen immediately and stored in liquid nitrogen. Maximum percentages for motility and normal acrosomes were obtained in the presence of 12% DMSO (as expressed in diluent A) and 3% glycerol (final concentration) after thawing.
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Liquid nitrogen
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The effect of the diluent in the extraction of Co, Ni and Na from nitrate media with di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) and 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (EHPNA) was studied, using non-polar hydrocarbons and polar solvents with different electron-donor strength as diluents. The effect caused by the diluent-extractant interaction was found to be relatively weak, owing to the great tendency toward self-association of the extractant. With the higher alcohols as diluent, however, the diluent can coordinate with the extracted metal complex in the Co/HDEHP system. Furthermore, it substitutes for the neutral extractant molecule in the nickel complex. This substitution and the stabilization of the associated water molecules by the alcohol diluent enhances nickel extraction, achieving the same performance as in cobalt extraction. Successively larger aggregated metal complexes appear in all diluents tested, to differing extent depending on the nature of the diluent. Equilibrium formulations were determined for various combinations of metal and diluent.
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Phosphoric acid
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We investigate the evolution of cylindrical cellular detonation with different instabilities. The numerical results show that with decreasing initial temperature, detonation becomes more unstable and the cells of the cylindrical detonation tend to be irregular. For stable detonation, a divergence of cylindrical detonation cells is formed eventually due to detonation instability resulting from a curved detonation front. For mildly unstable detonation, local overdriven detonation occurs. The detonation cell diverges and its size decreases. For highly unstable detonation, locally driven detonation is more obvious and the front is highly wrinkled. As a result, the diverging cylindrical detonation cell becomes highly irregular.
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In this study,single-factor randomized design was used to study the effects of different diluents on the preservation effects of semen in Saibei rabbit.Identical semen was randomly and equally divided into 12 portions,four treatments.Each treatment was diluted according to 1:1 proportion with diluent 1,diluent 2,diluent 3 and diluent 4.The experimental results showed that: compared with other three kind of diluent,diluent 2 was able to enhance the sperm survival time and sperm survival index significantly(P0.01).There was no significant difference between diluent 3and diluent 4(P0.05).Diluent 1 had better preservation effect than diluent 3and diluent 4(P0.05).
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Rotating detonation engines are studied more and more widely because of high thermodynamic efficiency and high specific impulse. Rotating detonation of hydrogen and oxygen was achieved in this study. Rotating detonation waves were observed by high speed cameras and detonation pressure traces were recorded by PCB pressure sensors. The velocity of rotating detonation waves is fluctuating during the run. Low frequency detonation instabilities, intermediate frequency detonation instabilities and high frequency detonation instabilities were discovered. They are relevant to unsteady heat release, acoustic oscillations and rotating detonation waves.
Detonation velocity
Specific impulse
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