Pathophysiology of favism.
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Abstract:
Haemolytic crises occurring in G6PD-deficient individuals after ingestion of fava beans (favism) are much less frequent than in the past. However, favism is a unique natural model of oxidant damage in vivo, useful for the study of senescent or damaged red blood cells (RBC) clearance from circulation. The following aspects have been considered: 1. Pathophysiology of favism, including incidence, salient features, and sequence of events. 2. RBC alterations during the haemolytic crisis: biochemical, rheological and morphological alterations occurring in RBC isolated at different stages of the crisis. 3. Toxic substances of Vicia faba and their mechanism of action: treatment of G6PD-deficient RBC with divicine or isouramil (redox substances present in fava beans) provokes the same changes as observed during favism. 4. Intravascular vs. extravascular haemolysis: extravascular (i.e. phagocytic) removal of damages RBC seems predominant in favism. 5. The signal for RBC removal: in analogy with a recent model for recognition and removal of oxidant-stressed or senescent RBC, we propose removal of fava bean damaged RBC be mediated by apposition of antiband 3 antibodies and complement C3 fragments, recognized as non-self recognition signal by monocytes and macrophages.Keywords:
Haemolysis
Pathophysiology
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Times from sowing to emergence and to the appearance of first open flowers were recorded for six diverse genotypes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) grown in 18 h daylengths at seven different constant temperatures between 15 and 30 °C. The optimum temperatures for the mean rate of seedling emergence and the rate of progress towards flowering varied amongst genotypes within the ranges 19·9—26·5 °C and 19·9—25·4 °C, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the optimum temperatures for emergence and flowering amongst the six genotypes tested (r = 0·514, P > 0·25). For both seedling emergence and flowering, positive linear relations were found between rate of development and sub-optimal temperatures, and negative linear relations between rate of development and supra-optimal temperatures. Despite absolute differences in the rate of progress towards flowering, the response to sub-optimal temperatures did not differ significantly amongst the six genotypes (P > 0·25). This was confirmed by re-analysis of earlier data. In contrast, the response to supra-optimal temperatures differed significantly (P < 0·005) amongst the six genotypes. They could be classified into two discrete groups which accorded with differences in optimum temperatures. Genotypes BPL 1722, Zeidab Local and Giza-4 had warmer optimum temperatures and greater sensitivity to supra-optimal temperatures than Aquadulce, Maris Bead and Syrian Local Large.
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Haemolytic crises occurring in G6PD-deficient individuals after ingestion of fava beans (favism) are much less frequent than in the past. However, favism is a unique natural model of oxidant damage in vivo, useful for the study of senescent or damaged red blood cells (RBC) clearance from circulation. The following aspects have been considered: 1. Pathophysiology of favism, including incidence, salient features, and sequence of events. 2. RBC alterations during the haemolytic crisis: biochemical, rheological and morphological alterations occurring in RBC isolated at different stages of the crisis. 3. Toxic substances of Vicia faba and their mechanism of action: treatment of G6PD-deficient RBC with divicine or isouramil (redox substances present in fava beans) provokes the same changes as observed during favism. 4. Intravascular vs. extravascular haemolysis: extravascular (i.e. phagocytic) removal of damages RBC seems predominant in favism. 5. The signal for RBC removal: in analogy with a recent model for recognition and removal of oxidant-stressed or senescent RBC, we propose removal of fava bean damaged RBC be mediated by apposition of antiband 3 antibodies and complement C3 fragments, recognized as non-self recognition signal by monocytes and macrophages.
Haemolysis
Pathophysiology
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The feeding behavior of Graminella nigrifrons (Forbes), a vector of maize chlorotic dwarf virus, was studied by electronic monitoring. Waveforms produced by leaf-hoppers on plants were interpreted by comparison with waveforms of leafhoppers observed feeding on membrane bound solutions and by observing salivary tracts in leaf tissue by using histological sections. Leafhoppers produced salivary, ingestion, and X-waveforms similar to those reported for aphids and other leafhoppers. The function of X-waves is unknown, but always they preceded ingestion from phloem. In addition to these, G. nigrifrons produced a unique, intermittent salivary spike during phloem ingestion. Feeding behavior was recorded from hosts, including maize ( Zea mays L.) in the 2-leaf and 5-leaf stage, oats ( Avena sativa L.), johnsongrass ( Sorghum halepense [L.] Persoon) and the nonhost broadbean ( Vicia faba L.). Nonsieve element ingestion occurred on all plants, but X-wave patterns and subsequent phloem ingestion occurred only on hosts.
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Abstract. The feeding behaviour of the two Typhlocybinae Empoasca decipiens Paoli and Eupteryx atropunctata Goetze and the nature of the damage caused to Vicia faba L. were investigated. Sections with stylets in situ , i.e. within the plant, were obtained. Eupteryx atropunctata sucked mainly from the palisade parenchyma of the leaf, while several generations of Empoasca decipiens could also live from the stem parenchyma and pierced into phloem if this was reachable.
Parenchyma
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Whole root systems of Vicla faba were continuously exposed to 3H-TdR for periods of up to 72h, following which LI was determined in the cap initials, in the quiescent centre or in that part of the meristem in which a quiescent centre will develop, and in the stele and in the cortex-epidermis at intervals along the apical 800 μm basal to the junction between the cap initials and the rest of the meristem, in newly-emerged (NE), 0.2 and 4.0 cm long lateral roots, after each exposure period. Cell doubling time (Td), mean cycling time (Tc) and the size of the growth fraction (GF) were then calculated for each part of the meristem investigated in each batch of roots, from the curves recording increase in labelling index (LI) with increase in duration of the period of exposure to 3H-TdR and from the rate of increase in LI over the initial l-12h labelling period. Since it is extremely difficult to eliminate all sources of error in calculating GF from the values obtained for LI in continuous labelling experiments, it is emphasized that the values of GF reported in the present paper may not be totally accurate. This is also true of the results obtained for Tc as Tc was derived from the product of the corresponding values for Td and GF. Cell doubling time and mean cycling time were both longer in the cells forming the quiescent centre in the 0.2 and 40 cm long roots than in any other part of the apical meristem examined. The size of the GF was found to decrease basally along the stele and the cortex-epidermis from the most apical to the most basal segment examined in the NE, while Td increased in duration. Similar changes took place along the stele of the 0.2 cm long laterals, but not in the cortex-epidermis of these roots or, to any great extent, in any of the tissues examined in the 4.0 cm secondary roots. No consistent trend was apparent in the duration of Tc basally along either tissue examined in these roots. It was concluded from these results, and from supporting data in the literature, that, as the laterals elongated from NE to 4.0 cm, the apical meristem increased in length.
Epidermis (zoology)
Stele
Doubling time
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Field pea
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Haemolysis
Coombs test
Red Cell
Immunoglobulin M
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Haemolysis
Vicia
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Factorial combinations of three photoperiods (10, 13 and 16 h), two day temperatures (18 and 28 °C) and two night temperatures (5 and 13 °C) were imposed on nodulated plants of six diverse genotypes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Plants were grown in pots in growth cabinets from both vernalized (1.5±0.5 °C for 30 d) and non-vernalized seeds. The times from sowing to the appearance of first open flowers (f) were recorded. Seed vernalization decreased the subsequent time taken to flower in almost all genotype x growing environment combinations (the exceptions were plants of the cv. Maris Bead grown in three cooler, short-day regimes). The influence of temperature and photoperiod on the rate of flowering was quantified, using a model applied previously to other long-day species of grain legume in which positive linear relations between both temperature and photoperiod and the rate of progress towards flowering are assumed to apply. A significant positive linear response of rate of progress towards flowering to limited ranges of mean diurnal temperature was detected in all six genotypes, but in three genotypes (Syrian Local Large, Aquadulce and Maris Bead) the 28 °C day temperature reduced the rate of progress towards flowering - suggesting that the optimum temperature for flowering in these genotypes is below 28 °C. In four genotypes (Maris Bead, Giza-4, Aquadulce and BPL 1722) a significant positive response to photoperiod, typical of quantitative long-day plants, was observed only in plants grown from vernalized seeds. In contrast, plants of the genotype Zeidab Local grown from both non-vernalized and vernalized seeds showed the same positive response to photoperiod, whereas plants of the land-race Syrian Local Large were consistently unresponsive to photoperiod. The implications of this range of responses amongst diverse genotypes are discussed in relation to screening germplasm.
Vernalization
Monogastric
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