Acute oral toxicity and histopathological study of combination of endosulfan and cypermethrin in wistar rats
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Endosulfan, a neurotoxic organochlorine insecticide and cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used to control pests in domestic, industrial, and agricultural situations.The present study was carried out to investigate the acute oral toxicity, behavioral and histopathological changes of combination of endosulfan and cypermethrin in albino rats. According to Miller and Tainter analysis method, at 48 h, LD50 value of combination of endosulfan and cypermethrin (ratio 1:1) in rats was found to be 691.83 mg/kg bw by oral gavage.When combination of both these pesticides was administered orally at concentration of 103.72 mg/kg bw, 172.95 mg/kg bw and 207.50 mg/kg bw, respectively, as a single dose, no significant changes in behavior of rats was observed, neither in dosed nor in control group of rats. Combination of endosulfan- and cypermethrin-treated rats showed mild histopathological changes in liver and kidney in group IV (207.50 mg/kg BW) as compared to the control. However, no significant changes were observed in brain and small intestine at either dose of combination of endosulfan and cypermethrin with respect to control.Thus, the present study, first of its kind in India, demonstrated the oral toxicity, behavioral, and histo-architectual alterations after induction of combination of endosulfan and cypermethrin at acute doses in Wistar rats.Keywords:
Endosulfan
Median lethal dose
The relative toxicity of emulsions of various pyrethroids and non-pyrethroid insecticides was evaluated against the larvae of Achaea janata Linn. in the laboratory. On the basis of LC50 values, lambdacyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, methyl parathion and pyrethrin were respectively 240.4, 64.7, 51.4, 23.9, 17.6, 7.5, and 4.1 times more toxic than endosulfan. The remahing two insecticides, viz., malathion and lindane were less toxic than endosulfan i.e., about 0.67 and 0.64 times, respectively as toxic as endosulfan. Although there was an increase in the LC50 values of lindane, malathion, fenvalerate, cypermethrin, endosulfan and deltamethrin since 1983, the shift in the level of susceptibility of A. janata to these insecticides was not pronounced. This was exemplified by their respective low relative susceptibility values, i.e., 3.8, 3.6, 3.0, 2.9, 2.9 and 1.5. A comparison of the relative resistance based on LC50 values of A. janata, Spilosoma obliqua Wlk. and Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) to insecticides indicated higher susceptibility of A. janata amongst these three pests.
Fenvalerate
Endosulfan
Lindane
Spodoptera litura
Parathion methyl
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Endosulfan, a neurotoxic organochlorine insecticide and cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used to control pests in domestic, industrial, and agricultural situations.The present study was carried out to investigate the acute oral toxicity, behavioral and histopathological changes of combination of endosulfan and cypermethrin in albino rats. According to Miller and Tainter analysis method, at 48 h, LD50 value of combination of endosulfan and cypermethrin (ratio 1:1) in rats was found to be 691.83 mg/kg bw by oral gavage.When combination of both these pesticides was administered orally at concentration of 103.72 mg/kg bw, 172.95 mg/kg bw and 207.50 mg/kg bw, respectively, as a single dose, no significant changes in behavior of rats was observed, neither in dosed nor in control group of rats. Combination of endosulfan- and cypermethrin-treated rats showed mild histopathological changes in liver and kidney in group IV (207.50 mg/kg BW) as compared to the control. However, no significant changes were observed in brain and small intestine at either dose of combination of endosulfan and cypermethrin with respect to control.Thus, the present study, first of its kind in India, demonstrated the oral toxicity, behavioral, and histo-architectual alterations after induction of combination of endosulfan and cypermethrin at acute doses in Wistar rats.
Endosulfan
Median lethal dose
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To investigate pesticide residue levels of pyrethroid in vegetables in Harbin,one hundred and thirty-four samples were collected random pesticides Residues,pesticides Residues of Three cyfluthrin and Fenvalerate,Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin were investigated by gas chromatography in seventeen supermarkets in Harbin city.The results showed that detection rate and exceeding rate of Pyrethroids pesticides in the vegetables were 12.67% and 2.98%.The main question vegetable were Green vegetables,the detection rate of Cypermethrin was the most highest,it was 12.67%,the followed was three cyfluthrin,the detection rate was 12.5%.
Fenvalerate
Residue (chemistry)
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The combined effects of two widely used pesticides, endosulfan and cypermethrin, on survival of embryo–larval development of the South American toad (Rhinella arenarum) were examined. The toxicity bioassays were performed according to the AMPHITOX test. Embryos and larvae were exposed to mixtures of these pesticides at equitoxic ratios from acute or chronic exposure to evaluate interaction effects. The results were analyzed using both Marking’s additive index and combination index (CI)–isobologram methods. Acute (96-h) and intermediate (168-h) toxicity of endosulfan–cypermethrin mixtures remained almost constant for larvae and embryos, but when exposure duration was increased, there was a significant elevation in toxicity, obtaining chronic (240-h) no-observed-effect concentrations (NOEC) values of 0.045 and 0.16 mg/L for embryos and larvae, respectively. These are environmentally relevant concentrations that reflect a realistic risk of this pesticide mixture to this native amphibian species. The toxicity increment with the exposure duration was coincident with the central nervous system development on embryos reaching the larval period, the main target organ of these pesticides. The interactions of the pesticide mixtures at acute and chronic exposure were antagonistic for embryo development (CI > 1), and additive (CI = 1) for larvae, while chronic exposure interactions were synergistic (CI < 1) for both developmental periods. Data indicated that endosulfan–cypermethrin mixtures resulted in different interaction types depending on duration and developmental stage exposed. As a general pattern and considering conditions of overall developmental period and chronic exposure, this pesticide mixture usually applied in Argentine crop fields is synergistic with respect to toxicity for this native amphibian species.
Endosulfan
Developmental toxicity
Chronic toxicity
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Pesticides have played a major role in increasing agricultural output by pest control and eliminating insect driven illnesses. Kerala’s tragedy on endosulfan exposure made us to study pesticides in water, rice, fruits and vegetables from Thiruvananthapuram location. Rice (the main cereal consumed in Kerala), fruits, and vegetables, as well as water samples from wells and streams in the Thiruvananthapuram districts, were collected for analysis of residue levels in major food items consumed by people in Kerala. The research was carried out to measure the concentration of organochlorine, organophosphorus, and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides using gas chromatography. The water and food samples collected were analysed for pesticide residues and the quantities were estimated using GC-ECD/NPD. A standard mixture containing Pesticides (OCs, OPs, Pyrethroids, and carbamates) was run before the actual samples. The detection was used to estimate the residues of fifteen commonly used pesticides, namely organochlorine pesticides (endosulfan, dieldrin, aldrin, lindane, DDT), organophosphorus pesticides (chlorpyrifos, profenophos, quinalphos, dimethoate, phorate) and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides (cypermethrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin, carbofuran). The study concluded that food exposure to pesticides would result in unacceptable health hazards and awareness of pesticide residues in foodstuffs, as well as to quantify the possible health. Hence, necessary to maintain the survey of pesticide residues in all food commodities in order to safeguard the consumers.
Endosulfan
Aldrin
Carbofuran
Endrin
Chlorothalonil
Fenvalerate
Phorate
Heptachlor
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Abstract Helio this armigera collected in October 1987 from Juzzuru in the coastal cotton growing district of Krishna in Andhra Pradesh (Eastern India) were highly resistant to cypermethrin and fenvalerate and moderately resistant to endosulfan. Prior to this, in 1986, H. armigera in the Hyderabad area were resistant to DDT but not to pyrethroids or endosulfan. By late 1987 these latter populations were highly resistant to pyrethroids and mildly resistant to endosulfan. Concurrently, the resistance to DDT increased. It is suggested that resistant moths from the east coast migrated downwind in a northwesterly direction with the prevailing winds which occur at that time of year. The level of pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera infesting pigeon‐pea and chick‐pea fields around Hyderabad increased steadily up to March 1988. These results are discussed with special reference to the resistance mechanisms likely to be involved.
Heliothis
Bollworm
Insecticide Resistance
Fenvalerate
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The population exposure and potential chronic hazard of fenpropathrin,cypermethrin,fenvalerate and cyhalothrin in vegetables of Jiangsu area were assessed based on the concentration of pesticide residues and the information from other literatures.Dietary exposure evaluation model(DEEM) was applied to calculate the population's daily intake of pyrethroid pesticides.The percentage of RfD and margin of exposure were used to evaluate the chronic hazard.The cypermethrin was the most common pesticide of population exposure,and the lifetime daily intake was 0.727 μg/(kg·d).The remaining pesticides were fenvalerate,fenpropathrin and cyhalothrin with lifetime daily intake of 0.081 μg/(kg·d)、0.036 μg/(kg·d) and 0.023 μg/(kg·d),respectively.Daily level of pyrethroid pesticides exposed to children was nearly two times more than to adults.The results of chronic hazard assessment indicated that level of the four pyrethroid pesticides exposed to the population in vegetables of Jiangsu province was within the safety range,and the chronic hazard of cypermethrin to population was significantly higher than other pyrethroid pesticides.
Fenvalerate
Acceptable daily intake
Cyhalothrin
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Eisenia fetida
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In order to provide scientific basis for selecting and applying pesticides reasonably in mulberry gardens and in surrounding agricultural fields,acute toxicity of 10 organophosphorous and 19 pyrethroid pesticides to Bombyx mori was determined using leaf-dipping method.The toxicity was compared based on their active ingredient of organophosphorous and pyrethroid pesticides or on the same active ingredient but made by indifferent manufactures and was graded according to LC50 value.The results showed that 5 organophosphorous pesticides such as Zhudi(20% Triazophos EC) and 16 pyrethroid pesticides such as Biqi(4.5% Beta cypermethrin EC) were highly toxic to Bombyx mori with LC50 value between 0.1 mg/L and 10 mg/L.Other 5 organophosphorous pesticides such as Nongsite(48% chlorpyrifos EC) and other 3 pyrethroid pesticides such as Jiagong(2.5% Beta cypermethrin EC) have moderate toxicity to Bombyx mori with LC50 between 10 mg/L and 1 000 mg/L.And the toxicity of organophosphorous and pyrethroid pesticides which have different active ingredients or have the same active ingredient but made by different manufacturers was different.Therefore,one must be clear about where the pesticides were made and what active ingredients they have,thus avoiding using the pesticides with high toxicity to silkworm in mulberry garden.
Ingredient
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Pesticides are a class of chemical substance that can destroy pests and other unwanted organisms. When sprayed by the farmers on their crops against pests, pesticides can also have an adverse effects on human health. Determination of pesticide residues in human blood is one of the methods used to evaluate their exposure. Despite pesticides being used by farmers in Benin, there has been no data on the levels of organochlorine (OC) and pyrethroid (Pyr) residues in vegetable farmers’ blood that indicate chronic exposure to pesticides. This study therefore investigated the level of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticide residues in vegetable farmers’ bloodin Southern Benin. During October 2017 and January 2018, blood samples were collected from 22 and 20 vegetable and non-vegetable farmers (control group) respectively. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) was used to extract OC and Pyr residues from the blood samples. Residues in the blood were quantified using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Data were analyzed with R Statistical Software version 3.4.3. Independencetest X2 was used to establish the relationship between to belong vegetable farmer group and presence of pesticide residues in the blood. The difference are statistically significant when p < 0.01. Among the pesticide residues found in the blood of the farmers and the control group, the concentrations of cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and β-endosulfan were significantly different (p < 0.01). Blood of the vegetable farmers was found to contained OC (β-HCH and β-endosulfan) and Pyr (cyfluthrin, cypermethrin) pesticide residues that they used against pests. These compounds may be responsible for different health problems observed among the vegetable farmers in Southern Benin.
Endosulfan
Acceptable daily intake
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