Structural transition of d(G4T4G4) from antiparallel to parallel G-quartet induced by divalent cations
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Abstract:
We obtained thermodynamic parameters of an antiparallel G-quartet formation of d(G4T4G4) with 1 mM divalent cation (Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Co2+, or Zn2+). In addition, we also found that a higher concentration of a divalent cation induced a transition from an antiparallel to a parallel G-quartet structure. These results indicate that the divalent cations are a good tool for regulating the G-quartet structures and their stability.Keywords:
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In this report we address two questions regarding the regulation of phosphorylated nitrate reductase (pNR; EC 1.6.6.1) by 14-3-3 proteins. The first concerns the requirement for millimolar concentrations of a divalent cation in order to form the inactive pNR: 14-3-3 complex at pH 7.5. The second concerns the reduced requirement for divalent cations at pH 6.5. In answering these questions we highlight a possible general mechanism involved in the regulation of 14-3-3 binding to target proteins. We show that divalent cations (e.g. Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+) bind directly to 14-3-3s, and as a result cause a conformational change, manifested as an increase in surface hydrophobicity. A similar change is also obtained by decreasing the pH from pH 7.5 to pH 6.5, in the absence of divalent cations, and we propose that protonation of amino acid residues brings about a similar effect to metal ion binding. A possible regulatory mechanism, where the 14-3-3 protein has to be "primed" prior to binding a target protein, is discussed.
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This paper describes a computational study of the mixed metal fluorides LiCaAlF6 and LiSrAlF6, doped with divalent (Pb2+, Co2+ and Ni2+), trivalent (Cr3+, Fe3+ and Y3+) and tetravalent (Si4+) ions. For each of the frameworks, all three cation sites were considered, as well as a range of charge compensation mechanisms. For the divalent dopants, substitution at the divalent host site is preferred, whilst for the trivalent dopants, Co3+ and Fe3+ prefer the Al3+ site, and Y3+ shows behaviour similar to the rare earths. Finally, it is found that Al3+ is the preferred site for substitution by Si4+ in both host frameworks.
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We obtained thermodynamic parameters of an antiparallel G-quartet formation of d(G4T4G4) with 1 mM divalent cation (Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Co2+, or Zn2+). In addition, we also found that a higher concentration of a divalent cation induced a transition from an antiparallel to a parallel G-quartet structure. These results indicate that the divalent cations are a good tool for regulating the G-quartet structures and their stability.
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Antiparallel (mathematics)
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Citations (17)