Annual Variation in Sterol Levels in Leaves of Taraxacum officinale Weber
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Sterol levels in dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber) leaves were monitored over a period of 19 months. Sitosterol was the most abundant free sterol, followed by stigmasterol, then campesterol. Cholesterol could not be detected. With the exception of stigmasterol and campesterol, esters were present in greater quantities than were free forms, with 4,4-dimethyl sterol esters being the most abundant type. Glycosides occurred only sporadically. Free 4-demethyl sterols were maximal during the winter months; levels correlated negatively with sunshine and temperature, but proportions did not alter significantly. Sitosterol ester and cycloartenol ester (but not others) showed the opposite response, with levels correlating positively with sunshine and temperature. Relative amounts of 4-demethyl sterol esters remained reasonably constant, but those of cycloartenol ester and 24-methylene cycloartanol ester varied on an annual basis and were negatively correlated with each other.Keywords:
Cycloartenol
Stigmasterol
Taraxacum officinale
Phytosterol
Sterol levels in dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber) leaves were monitored over a period of 19 months. Sitosterol was the most abundant free sterol, followed by stigmasterol, then campesterol. Cholesterol could not be detected. With the exception of stigmasterol and campesterol, esters were present in greater quantities than were free forms, with 4,4-dimethyl sterol esters being the most abundant type. Glycosides occurred only sporadically. Free 4-demethyl sterols were maximal during the winter months; levels correlated negatively with sunshine and temperature, but proportions did not alter significantly. Sitosterol ester and cycloartenol ester (but not others) showed the opposite response, with levels correlating positively with sunshine and temperature. Relative amounts of 4-demethyl sterol esters remained reasonably constant, but those of cycloartenol ester and 24-methylene cycloartanol ester varied on an annual basis and were negatively correlated with each other.
Cycloartenol
Stigmasterol
Taraxacum officinale
Phytosterol
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Phytosterol
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Phytosterol contained in vegetable oils is known to exert a hypocholesterolemic function. In the present study, the antioxidant effects of phytosterol and its components, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol, against lipid peroxidation were examined by making a comparison with 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol (PMC). It was found that these compounds exerted antioxidant effects on the oxidation of methyl linoleate in solution and its effect decreased in the order of: PMC >> phytosterol approximately campesterol approximately beta-sitosterol > stigmasterol. Phytosterol also suppressed the oxidation and consumption of alpha-tocopherol in beta-linoleoyl-gamma-palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (PLPC) liposomal membranes, the effects being more significant than dimyristoyl PC of the same concentration. Stigmasterol accelerated the oxidation of both methyl linoleate in solution and PLPC liposomal membranes in aqueous dispersions, which was ascribed to the oxidation of allylic hydrogens at the 21- and 24-positions. Taken together, the present study shows that phytosterol chemically acts as an antioxidant, a modest radical scavenger, and physically as a stabilizer in the membranes.
Stigmasterol
Phytosterol
Cycloartenol
Free radical scavenger
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This paper established the GC-MS method to analyze phytosterol in beans and study the content and distribution of phytosterol in green beans, red beans, black beans and soybeans in 5 main producing areas of China (Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hebei, Shandong). This paper used GC-MS method to analyze the content and distribution of campesterol, stigmasterol, sitostanol, brassicasterol, ergosterol, cycloartanol, cycloartenol, 2,4-methylenecycloartanol, spinasterol, cholesterol and cholestanol in the beans from different producing areas. Results showed that the content of sterol in green beans was higher than in three other kinds of beans, and the content of sterol in red beans was the lowest. Different producing areas had a significant impact on the content of sterol in beans, and the dominant producing areas included Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang. The study provided a basis for quality assessment and nutritional evaluation of beans and provided a reference for traceability and variety distinction study of other edible beans.
Stigmasterol
Phytosterol
Cycloartenol
Cholestanol
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The widespread distribution of the common dandelion, that is, Taraxacum officinale , along with its ability to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, makes this plant a good candidate as biological monitor of environmental metal contamination. Taraxacum officinale leaves growing spontaneously in meadows and along the streets are traditionally picked up and eaten in Italy as salad, so it is important to know the concentrations of potentially toxic elements contained in them from the point of view of food safety. For these reasons the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn were determined in dandelion leaf and underlying soil samples collected at 12 sites in the province of Cuneo (Piedmont, Italy) in the vicinity of streets or roundabouts. The concentrations were compared with reference values for plant and soils and with maximum allowable concentrations in edible vegetables. Neither dandelion nor soil samples were found to be polluted by metals, but the comparison with limits for vegetables suggests that caution should be used in consuming spontaneously growing vegetables.
Taraxacum officinale
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Stigmasterol
Cycloartenol
Phytosterol
Mevalonic acid
Methylene
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Common Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale ssp. officinale (dandelion) is expanding its range in Alaska and is of particular concern in National Park Service units. This study investigated the influence of estimated soil temperature, available potassium (K), available phosphorous (P), and total nitrogen (N) on dandelion cover and density on a site near the elevational limit of dandelion. The study site in Denali National Park had been disturbed by construction and was revegetated with native plants 12 years before the study. Seed input to the study site was abundant. In a multiple regression analysis, higher levels of estimated soil temperature and available K accounted for 79% and 73% of the variation in dandelion cover and density, respectively. Practical control methods include not fertilizing disturbed areas with K, and countering continued expansion of dandelion by monitoring human use areas and undisturbed habitats where soil temperatures are likely to be relatively warm.
Taraxacum officinale
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Taraxacum officinale
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Stigmasterol
Phytosterol
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Cycloartenol
Potamogeton
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The sterols of Larix decidua leaves consist of β‐sitosterol, campesterol, cycloartenol, 24‐methylene cycloartanol, cycloeucalenol, 24‐methylene lophenol, 24‐ethylidene lophenol, together with a number of unidentified 4α‐methyl sterols. The pattern of incorporation of [2‐ 14 C]mevalonic acid into these compounds has been examined.
Cycloartenol
Phytosterol
Stigmasterol
Mevalonic acid
Decidua
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