Modeling of snow wetness inversion using multi-polarization SAR at C-band
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Radar backscattering response has the potential of retrieving desired snow parameters, such as snow water equivalence, snow depth, liquid water content which are important factors in hydrological investigation. The objective of this study is to develop an algorithm which can decompose the scattering of wet snow and also develop new description of surface scattering. There are two scattering sources - the volume scattering component from snow pack and the air-snow surface scattering component - for radar backscattering while observing wet snow. Depending upon which scattering component is dominant and then controls the response to snow wetness, an algorithm can be developed to quantitatively describe the relationship between this two scattering sources and snow wetness. We have established a model - simulated at C-band a ta-base by using two scattering components. The database covers the most possible wet snow physical properties and surface roughness conditions. Using this data-base, an inversion algorithm can be developed for using C-band multi-polarization measurements. The newly developed algorithm mainly involved two steps: 1) decomposes the surface and volume scattering signals, and 2) then use each scattering component to estimate snow wetnessDirect observation of rain areas by radar yields new information on thunderstorm characteristics and behavior. A statistical summary of characteristics of 300 showers observed by radar at Spring Lake, N. J., June–Aug. 1945, is given.
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In this study, analysis of avalanche cases in Hokkaido was carried out to clarify the conditions under which snow that has accumulated on slopes slides through snow bridges to prevent avalanche. Field tests and model experiments were also conducted using naturally accumulated snow to determine the effectiveness of nets installed on such bridges with the aim of preventing the occurrence of slide-through. The results of the analysis showed that slide-through mainly occurs with dry-snow avalanches when the air temperature is low and the snowfall intensity is high. According to theoretical estimation of the stability of snow accumulated on slopes and snow hardness, it was concluded that avalanches accompanied by slide-through occurred when the snow became unstable after about 12 h from the onset of snowfall under high snowfall intensity conditions. It was also considered that low hardness of the snow due to low temperatures caused accumulated snow on slopes to slide through the supporting surfaces of bridges. Field tests in which natural avalanches were caused confirmed that net installation prevented the occurrence of slide-through. Furthermore, the results of the model experiments using naturally accumulated snow with low density and hardness indicated that net installation increases the snow contact area on the supporting surface of a bridge, thereby distributing the snow load and preventing the occurrence of slide-through, resulting in a lower likelihood of compression fracture even with low-hardness snow. Accordingly, it can be concluded that net installation has a slide-through prevention effect.
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In heavy snow area in Japan, more than 40 percents of roads are narrow; so that snow machines often cannot pass through them and such roads are closed by deep snow for a long time. It seems that the best way to circumvent this problem is to replace road gutters with snow removing gutters. It is known that running water in a gutter is able to flow equivalent volume of snow, and that the flow rate (the required volume of water per hour) is easily estimated by the volume of snow which is thrown into the gutter.
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Over the past 20 years, Korea has been endlessly damaged by heavy snow. The damages are significantly different between regions, and therefore, it is important to analyze and understand the characteristics of greenhouse and snowfall in those regions. Snow weight, which affects the amount of damage, varies up to seven times depending on temperature and humidity, in addition to the amount of snow. Therefore, in this study, snow depth and density were compared to determine a solution. Based on a disaster report and the data collected from the Korea Meteorological Administration, field surveys were conducted by classifying four administrative districts in Gangwon containing multiple greenhouses, and snowy areas were selected and sampled. Finally, the density of snow and snow depth were measured. The snow density increased proportionally to its depth. The results of this study could help provide solutions to snow damage in the future. Keywords: Snow Damage, Amount of Snow, Snow Density
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VARIOUS TYPES OF EQUIPMENT USED FOR SNOW REMOVAL AND SNOW FENCES ARE DESCRIBED. A TABULATION OF SNOW REMOVAL DATA FOR THE WINTER OF 1926-27 IS GIVEN. A MAP SHOWING THE SNOW REMOVAL PROGRAM ON MAIN HIGHWAYS OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE WINTER OF 1927-28 IS PRESENTED.
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By simulating atmospheric deposition experiment, this paper analyzed the relationship between the measured spectral reflectance and the concentrations of contaminants in the snow. It is found that the visible spectrum is sensitive to snow contaminants. From 350nm to 850nm, with the increase concentrations of contaminants in snow, snow reflectivity dramatically decreases. We get the conclusion that the most sensitive bands to snow contaminants are 384nm, 450nm and 1495nm.Using the non-linear regression method to analyze the relationship between spectral reflectance and the contaminants. The results showed the reflectivity of snow at visible bands logarithmically decreases with the snow contaminants increasing; the R 2 can reach 0.9.To the contrary, the spectral reflectance at nearinfrared increases with the snow contaminants increasing. Therefore, this method can be combined satellite image to forecast the contaminants in the snow at large-scale.
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Some examinations are made about errors of the water equivalent of snow measured with a snow-sampler. It is found that both the change of the sampling deficiency of a sampler related to the sorts of deposited snow and the irregular variation of the snow depth in an observation field might be the main factors that disturbed the uniformity of daily successive data. The former has not been yet sufficiently studied, but it is show that the latter could be modified to some extent by comparing it with a fixed snow-tsake in snow melting season.
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This Chapter is in Section 5: Measurements, edited by Thomas J. Lockhart This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction—Characteristics and Importance of Snow Measurements of Snow Properties of Snow That Make Basic Measurements Difficult Procedures for Measuring Snowfall, Snow Depth and Water Content Contribution of Technology to Snow Measurements Summary of Snow Data Continuity Sources of Specialized Snow Data
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