The working conditions in a continuous pilot thickener at optimal load
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The ThO/sub 2/ slurry used in in-pile loops is very difficult to remove from the loops at the end of a run. It is suggested that the slurry can be more easily removed by circulating it continuously through a hydroclone until virtually all of the solids have been discharged into an underflow pot. Several tests were to test the performance of the hydroclone for this application. In all cases better than 99% of the slurry was collected in the underflow pot. (auth)
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The relationship between feed pressure and classifying /thickening performance was studied on industrial operating 250mm hydro-cyclones. The influence of hindered settling on classification and thickening performance was discussed. The results show that the optimal classification and enrichment performance are achieved in different feeding pressure range,in low pressure range,the underflow concentration increases with the pressure,while the classification efficiency declines rapidly after the pressure have exceeded a certain value,which is caused by the hindered settling phenomenon in the cone section of the cyclone. In the operation of hydro-cyclones,both the enrichment performance and hindered settling should be taken into account,to avoid the deterioration of classification efficiency.
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The paper proposes an original prediction error expansion (PEE) reversible watermarking scheme that exploits the sign of the prediction error in order to prevent the overflow/underflow of the pixels close to the bounds of the graylevel range. More precisely, the pixels close to black are directly embedded by PEE when the prediction error is positive. Similarly, the ones close to white are embedded in case of negative errors. When the prediction error sign does not allow error expansion, an original solution is proposed. The pixel is left unchanged and one of its upper diagonal neighbors is embedded by PEE, but with a different prediction error. The diagonal neighbor is selected in order to prevent overflow/underflow. The proposed prediction error strategy ensures detection and reversibility without any additional information. The scheme is of interest for images with large areas of black and white pixels as, for instance, medical images.
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This paper proposes reversible data hiding using minimum/maximum preserved overflow/underflow avoidance (MMPOUA). The proposed MMPOUA algorithm consists of three main steps. These steps include the minimum (or maximum) pixel fixing, pixel squeezing, and pixel isolation. The aims of pixel fixing are to keep the minimum (or maximum) pixel of a host block unchanged and prevent the occurrence of overflow/underflow. Both the pixel squeezing and pixel isolation supply hiding storage while keeping the amount of distortion low. The proposed method can avoid (or significantly reduce) the overhead bits used to overcome overflow/underflow issues. At an embedding rate of 0.15 bpp, the proposed algorithm can achieve a PSNR value of 48.52 dB, which outperforms several existing reversible data hiding schemes. Furthermore, the algorithm performed well in a variety of images, including those in which other algorithms had difficulty obtaining good hiding storage with high perceived quality.
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Buffer overflow
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Round-off error
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In order to effectively solve the overflow and underflow problems during watermark embedding for medical images, three common methods of preventing overflow and underflow mentioned in literatures, including module-256, location map and histogram narrowing have been tested. The experimental results give the effects brought by different three methods to reversible watermarking with respect to several aspects including embedding capacity and image quality and demonstrate the priority of histogram narrowing method. Analyses show the preventing overflow and underflow algorithm is the key step to ensure the performance of lossless watermarking, and its choice depends not only on the specific reversible watermarking approach but also on image's different modality specificities.
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