Temperament and character inventory (TCI) and depression
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Cooperativeness
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Depression
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Objective: Cloninger has developed a dimensional psychobiological model of
personality that accounts for both normal and abnormal variation of two
major components of personality: temperament and character. The Temperament
and Character Inventory (TCI) is a 240-item self-administered questionnaire
constructed to assess four temperament (Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance,
Reward Dependence, and Persistence) and three character dimensions
(Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-Transcendence). In this study,
we aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of
the TCI in a healthy Turkish population and obtain normative data for the
Turkish TCI.
Methods: The study was conducted in both Karadeniz Technical University
School of Medicine and Ataturk University School of Medicine using a sample
of 683 healthy volunteers. Participants were administered a short version of
Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Turkish TCI that was
translated by Kose and Sayar and officially approved by Cloninger to be used
in this validation study.
Results: Turkish sample had significantly lower mean scores on Novelty
Seeking, Reward Dependence and higher mean scores on Harm Avoidance than the
American sample. On character dimensions, the Turkish sample had
significantly lower scores on Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, and
Self-Transcendence. Self-Directedness and Harm Avoidance, Cooperativeness
and Reward Dependence, and Cooperativeness and Self-Directedness were
intercorrelated. The Cronbach?s coefficients were between .60 and .85 on
temperament dimensions, and were between .82 and .83 on character
dimensions. The lowest Cronbach?s coefficients were found in Reward
Dependence (.60) and Persistence (.62). A principal axis factor analysis
with a four-factor solution by Oblimin rotation reproduced highest loadings
on Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance and relatively weaker loadings on
Reward Dependence and Persistence. A three-factor solution for character
subscales reproduced highest loadings on Cooperativeness and
Self-Transcendence.
Conclusions: The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the TCI
were supported by its reliable psychometric properties and construct
validity. The Turkish version of the TCI successfully confirmed Cloninger's
seven-factor model of personality. This pioneering work suggests that the
Turkish TCI can be applied in clinical populations as well as in
neurobiological and neuroimaging investigations.
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The shortened Hungarian 55-item version (TCI55) of the Cloninger Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is presented in the article. The goal of the examination was testing the psychometric parameters of the shortened questionnaire. The Cloninger TCI based by psychobiological model is the most recent personality inventory. Cloninger divides the personality to temperament dimensions into those that are determined by genetic attributes, and into the character dimensions that evolve by environment. The inventory includes four temperament factors (Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence) and tree character factors (Self- Directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-Transcendence). The temperament dimensions characterized by automatic answers to emotional stimuli are related on the main neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin and norandrenalin). The character dimensions are based on the concepts of myself, others, and world, and represent the purposes, goals, and attitudes of the person.The validation of the shortened 55-item version inventory was tested by surveys: one on a normative sample consisting 2861 persons (Rozsa, 2002), and two other samples that had been representative by sex, age, education, and habitation, and consisted 5020 and 2000 persons (HEP 2006 and HS 2013, respectively).The reliability and validity of the shortened inventory had been sufficient, the selected items represent sufficiently the original questionnaire.Based on results, TCI55 is an opportunity to measure the socialbiological model of personality, when the testing of original 240-items version questionnare is not possible.
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The purpose of this study was to identify personality traits associated with suicide attempt in a clinical sample. Temperament and character inventory (TCI) profiles of 759 patients who met the inclusion criteria among 1000 randomly selected hospital records collected. Of these 759 patients, 103 had a history of at least 1 actual suicide attempt (suicidal group) whereas 656 had no such history (nonsuicidal group). The suicidal group showed higher scores of novelty seeking (mean ± SD: 36.1 ± 1.2 vs 33.3 ± 0.5; P = .026) and harm avoidance (57.1 ± 1.5 vs 53.0 ± 0.6; P = .01) but lower scores of self-directedness (27.5 ± 1.5 vs 34.4 ± 0.6; P < .001) than the nonsuicidal group. Higher novelty seeking (OR [95% CI]: 1.031 [1.008–1.054]; P = .007) and lower self-directedness: 0.955 [0.927–0.983]; P = .002 were also associated with suicide attempts in the analysis of 7 personality scales. These findings suggest that patients who attempt suicide differ from nonattempters in terms of personality traits, especially in novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), and self-directedness (SD). It is noteworthy that this study contains data from actual visits to the emergency room to evaluate suicide attempts. Abbreviations: CO = cooperativeness, Ha = harm avoidance, NS = novelty seeking, PS = persistence, RD = reward dependence, SD = self-directedness, ST = self-transcendence, TCI = temperament and character inventory.
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We applied the temperament and character inventory (TCI) personality questionnaire in 41 inpatients dependent on metamphetamine, and 35 controls. Novelty seeking, harm avoidance and self-transcendence were significantly higher, and persistence, self-directedness and cooperativeness were significantly lower in the patients than in the healthy volunteers. The detected differences may be important for prevention and treatment.
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The aim of this study is to investigate Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125) profiles in hospitalized patients with borderline personality disorder. BPD patients (29) were assessed using the SCID-II and were compared with healthy control group (30). Patientsscores on self-directedness and cooperativeness were significantly lower compared with controls. Individuals with BPD exhibited statistically significant higher scores on harm avoidance and novelty seeking. BPD participants did not differ from the control group in terms of reward dependency, persistence and self-transcendence. The results indicate that personality profiles of patients with BPD are significantly different from those of healthy individuals.
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The relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and, especially harm avoidance, self-directedness, and cooperativeness has been determined based on Cloninger's psychobiological personality model; there are not enough studies in the literature on the role of the subdimensions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the patients with MDD and healthy controls in terms of temperament and character traits and especially subdimensions and thus to determine the role and predictive value of temperament and character subdimensions in major depression patients.The sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of 105 participants, 65 of whom were MDD patients, and 40 healthy controls, who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. Sociodemographic data form, temperament and character inventory, and Hamilton depression rating scale were administered to the participants.Compared with healthy controls, patients with MDD had lower self-directedness (p<0.001), cooperativeness (p=0.017), persistence (p<0.001), self-transcendence (p=0.001), and higher harm avoidance (p<0.001) scores. While there was no significant difference in novelty seeking (p=0.774); it was determined that MDD patients got higher scores in "Impulsiveness" (p=0.013) and lower scores in "Exploratory excitability" (p=0.001) subscales. Reward dependence has been identified as the only personality trait that there was no significant difference between major depression patients and healthy controls (p=0.511). As a result of the logistic regression analysis performed to determine the predictors of temperament and character subdimensions in major depression patients, only three temperament and character traits "Fatigability, Purposefulness, and Spiritual Acceptance" were determined as significant predictors (p<0.001). Fatigability was determined to be a serious risk factor, increasing the probability of MDD 3.6 times (p<0.001); purposefulness and spiritual acceptance were found to be protective personality traits that together reduced the probability of MDD by 0.8 times (p<0.001).This study shows that the risk of developing MDD is increased in individuals with low self-directedness, cooperativeness, persistence, and self-transcendence profiles, and whereas with prominent Harm avoidance personality traits. Therapeutic interventions, especially considering the temperament and character traits of "Fatigability, Purposefulness, and Spiritual Acceptance" determined in our study, may contribute positively to MDD treatment.
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