The morphology of trypanosoma evansi (steel)
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In previous papers published in the ‘Proceedings,’ the morphology of various trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma pecorum, vivax, uniforme, nanum , and brucei , has been described somewhat more fully than is usually done. It is proposed to do the same for Trypanosoma evansi in this paper. This trypanosome causes the disease in elephants, camels, horses, cattle, and dogs, known in India as Surra. It was discovered in 1880, by Evans, in the Punjab.Keywords:
Trypanosoma evansi
Trypanosoma vivax
Morphology
Trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease that is transmitted by tsetse flies. However, because of the limitation of conventional parasitological methods, conclusive epidemiological inferences on trypanosomiasis is challenging, leaving a high proportions of the disease to remain undetected which leads to difficulty in monitoring and strategic control. The present study therefore, employed the use of molecular methods to detect trypanosomes in trade camels and cattle, along line analysis of their body condition scores (BCS). Results of the study indicated that, all the infected camels and majority of the infected cattle had poor BCS. The average packed cell volume (PCV) of infected animals was lower than the average PCV of uninfected animals. Findings from this study revealed an infection rate of 48.75% with the most frequently encountered species being Trypanosoma vivax (18.75%), followed by T. brucei (12.50%), T. congolense (8.75%), T. evansi (6.25%) and mixed infection involving T. brucei and T. congolense (2.50%). Conclusively, animals with poor BCS are more susceptible suggesting that, the use of BCS may improve the quality of evaluation of trypanosomiasis in animals, especially for large scale epidemiological study.
Trypanosoma vivax
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African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects the livestock of 12.3 million Somalis and constrains their development and wellbeing. There is missing data on AAT in the country after the civil war of the 1990s. Therefore, this study has aimed to assess the prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. in 614 blood samples from cattle (n = 202), goats (n = 206) and sheep (n = 206) in Afgoye and Jowhar districts, Somalia using parasitological and molecular methods. Twenty-one out of 614 (3.4%; 95% CI: 2.1-5.2%) and 101/614 (16.4%; 95% CI: 13.6-19.6%) ruminants were positive for Trypanosoma spp. by buffy coat technique (BCT) and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Using ITS1-PCR, the highest prevalence was observed in cattle (23.8%; 95% CI: 18.4-30.1%) followed by goats (17.5%; 95% CI: 12.9-23.3%) and sheep (8.3%; 95% CI: 5.1-12.9%). A total of 74/101 (73.3%; 95% CI: 63.5-81.6%) ruminants were shown coinfection with at least two Trypanosome species. The four T. brucei-positive samples have tested negative for T. b. rhodesiense, by the human-serum-resistance-associated-PCR. Trypanosoma evansi, T. godfreyi, T. vivax, T. brucei, T. simiae and T. congolense were the Trypanosoma species found in this study. This is the first study on the molecular detection of Trypanosoma sp. in ruminants in Somalia. Further investigations and control measures are needed to manage Trypanosomiasis spreading in the country. Studies should also focus on the detection of T. b. rhodesiense in the country.
Trypanosoma evansi
Trypanosoma vivax
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Studies on species of trypanosomes in selected ruminant animals slaughtered at Zango abattoir, Kaduna State was investigated. A total of three hundred and eighty-five (385) animals consisting of 148 cattle, 122 sheep and 115 goats were selected using the clinical signs of the animals. Their blood samples were collected and parasitological diagnostic techniques of Wet mount, thin films, thick films, Hematocrit centrifugation technique and Buffy Coat method were used to detect trypanosomes from the jugular blood of the animals sampled. The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) of the blood samples were also determined. Three (3/0.78%) of the Cattle sampled were infected and had trypanosomal prevalence rate of 2.03% with no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) observed. The species of trypanosome identified were Trypanosoma congolense and one mixed causative agents (Trypanosoma congolence and Trypanosoma vivax) as the positive cases. Trypanoma brucei species infection was totally absent in all the blood samples tested. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in the spread of the trypanosome species among the animals investigated. Only the female white Fulani breeds of cattle recorded Trypanosoma infection, whereby the adult female cattle (≤ 10yrs) had higher infection rates of 1.35 % than the younger female cattle (≤ 5yrs) of 0.68%. The infected cattle had lower mean PCV value of 25.67 ± 2.85 when compared to the non-infected cattle with 30.90 ± 0.58 and shows no statistically significant (p>0.05) difference between the PCV of the infected animal and non- infected ones in the study area. Meanwhile the infection rate of trypanosomiasis in cattle, goats and sheep appeared low compared to most previous works. Though trypanosomiasis still remains economically importance in these studied animals in Nigeria, therefore, improved veterinary extension services and more educational awareness should be intensified.
Buffy coat
Trypanosoma vivax
Zebu
Trypanosoma evansi
White blood cell
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Trypanosoma vivax
Trypanosoma evansi
Prevalence
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Trypanosoma evansi
Trypanosoma vivax
Prevalence
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Examination of blood from sedentary and nomadic livestock, captive carnivores and Artodactyla/ Proboscidae for trypanosome infections in the arid region of northeastern, Nigeria, was conducted from 2009 – 2012 using thin, thick and buffy coat smears. Among the sedentary livestock examined, 14.3% were infected with Trypanosoma vivax , 0.3% with T. brucei and 2.3% with T. congolense out of 700 cattle; 52% and 26.2% were infected with T. evansi out of 125 camels and 65 horses examined, respectively; 2.0% were infected with T. vivax and T. evansi and 1.0% with T. congolense out of 100 sheep; and 1.3% were infected with T. vivax while 2.6% had T. brucei out of 78 goats. Among the nomadic livestock, 1,324 cattle were infected with T. vivax, T. brucei and T. congolense , respectively, while 39.2% of the 655 camels had T. evansi and the horses had no infection. Among the 450 nomadic sheep, 1.6%, 0.4%, 0.2% had T. vivax, T. brucei, T. congolense and T. evansi infections respectively, while the infection rates were 0.6%, 0.3% and 0.6% for T. vivax, T. brucei T. congolense and T. evansi respectively among the 365 nomadic goats examined. Out of the 10 lions examined, 20% and 30% had T. vivax and T. brucei infections, respectively. The 9 stripped hyeanas examined showed infections rates of 22.2%, 44.4% and 11.1% for T. vivax, T. brucei and T. congolense , respectively. Out of the 6 spotted hyeanas examined, 66.7% and 33.3% had T. vivax, T. brucei and T. congolense infections, respectively; whereas 2(50%) of 4 jackals examined had both T. vivax and T. brucei infections. One caracal examined (100%) was infected with T. brucei . Infection with T. vivax was 100% in 2 African elephants, 1 cape eland, 4 western kob and 2 Senegal hartebeest. There were infections with T. vivax, T. brucei and T. congolense in 30%, 20% and 15% out of 20 dorcas gazelles, 25% and 12.5% out of 8 sitatungas and 38.9%, 16.7% and 22.2% out of 18 red fronted gazelles respectively. Among the 10 Grimm’s duicker, 20%, 10%, 30% and 10% were infected with T. vivax, T. brucei, T. congolense and T. evansi respectively. The probable vectors involved were Tabanus, Stomoxys and Hippobosca. However, oral transmission among the carnivores was another possibility. Therefore, trypanosomosis is endemic in the region with implication that, sustained surveillance and control measures are required to reduce risks to wildlife conservation and losses in livestock production. Keywords : survey, trypanosomosis, livestock, wildlife, arid region, Nigeria
Trypanosoma vivax
Trypanosoma evansi
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African Trypanosomiases threaten the life of both humans and animals. Trypanosomes are transmitted by tsetse and other biting flies. In Rwanda, the African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) endemic area is mainly around the tsetse-infested Akagera National Park (NP). The study aimed to identify Trypanosoma species circulating in cattle, their genetic diversity and distribution around the Akagera NP.A cross-sectional study was carried out in four districts, where 1,037 cattle blood samples were collected. The presence of trypanosomes was determined by microscopy, immunological rapid test VerY Diag and PCR coupled with High-Resolution Melt (HRM) analysis. A parametric test (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean Packed cell Volume (PCV) and trypanosomes occurrence. The Cohen Kappa test was used to compare the level of agreement between the diagnostic methods.The overall prevalence of trypanosome infections was 5.6%, 7.1% and 18.7% by thin smear, Buffy coat technique and PCR/HRM respectively. Microscopy showed a low sensitivity while a low specificity was shown by the rapid test (VerY Diag). Trypanosoma (T.) congolense was found at a prevalence of 10.7%, T. vivax 5.2%, T. brucei brucei 2% and T. evansi 0.7% by PCR/HRM. This is the first report of T.evansi in cattle in Rwanda. The non-pathogenic T. theileri was also detected. Lower trypanosome infections were observed in Ankole x Friesian breeds than indigenous Ankole. No human-infective T. brucei rhodesiense was detected. There was no significant difference between the mean PCV of infected and non-infected animals (p>0.162).Our study sheds light on the species of animal infective trypanosomes around the Akagera NP, including both pathogenic and non-pathogenic trypanosomes. The PCV estimation is not always an indication of trypanosome infection and the mechanical transmission should not be overlooked. The study confirms that the area around the Akagera NP is affected by AAT, and should, therefore, be targeted by the control activities. AAT impact assessment on cattle production and information on the use of trypanocides are needed to help policymakers prioritise target areas and optimize intervention strategies. Ultimately, these studies will allow Rwanda to advance in the Progressive Control Pathway (PCP) to reduce or eliminate the burden of AAT.
Trypanosoma evansi
Buffy coat
Trypanosoma vivax
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Abstract Control programmes for African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) in livestock have been mainly focused on cattle with very little focus on goats, an important reservoir for the disease. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), this study investigated trypanosome infection in village goats in Mambwe, a rural District in Eastern Zambia . Filter paper blood spots were collected from 326 goats and tested for infection with Trypanosoma congolense , Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei s.l . using ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS)-PCR. The frequency of trypanosomes from the sampled goats was 4.6% (95% CI = 2.3–6.8). Results indicated significantly high infections with Trypanosoma vivax (4.0%; 95% CI = 1.9–6.1) than T. congolense (0.6%; 95% CI = − 0.2 to 1.5) , and T. brucei (0.0%), P = 0.04. Findings show the circulation of trypanosomes that causes AAT in goats and that they may pose serious threats to not only goats but also to other livestock reared alongside goats.
Trypanosoma vivax
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Trypanosoma evansi
Antigenic variation
Kinetoplastida
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In previous papers published in the ‘Proceedings,’ the morphology of various trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma pecorum, vivax, uniforme, nanum , and brucei , has been described somewhat more fully than is usually done. It is proposed to do the same for Trypanosoma evansi in this paper. This trypanosome causes the disease in elephants, camels, horses, cattle, and dogs, known in India as Surra. It was discovered in 1880, by Evans, in the Punjab.
Trypanosoma evansi
Trypanosoma vivax
Morphology
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