Oxidative stress in the freshwater cyprinid crucian carp (Carassius carassiusL.) upon chronic exposure to endosulfan
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Oxidative stress and antioxidant responses of crucian carp, upon chronic exposure to endosulfan, were evaluated in vivo. The lethal concentration (LC50–96 h) was 70 μg L−1; on its basis, the fish were exposed to endosulfan at 20, 35, and 50 μg L−1 and autopsy was done on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Lipid peroxidation was induced in a concentration-dependent manner, being highest at 50 μg L−1 (3/4 LC50–96 h, sub-lethal concentration-I, SL-I) on day 4 (720% versus control), followed in its extent (490%) at 30 μg L−1 (1/2 LC50–96 h, sub-lethal concentration-II, SL-II) on day 7 and lowest (260%) at 10 μg L−1 (1/4 LC50–96 h, sub-lethal concentration-III, SL-III) on day 14. Glutathione showed a concentration- and time-dependent elevation in the initial phase, with highest level on day 4 (180%) at SL-I, but showed significant reduction in all test concentrations from day 21 of post-exposure. Superoxide dismutase was decreased significantly throughout the study, with highest reduction (63%) on day 4 at SL-I; catalase increased in all test concentrations up to day 14 but showed a significant decrease from the day 28 of post-exposure. The potential role of these parameters as indicators of pesticide pollution in aquatic systems is discussed.Keywords:
Crucian carp
Endosulfan
The toxicity of some insecticides viz., deltamethrin, cypermethrin and endosulfan were determined against same age larvae (7 day old) of Spilosoma obliqua by leaf dip method at different concentrations 0.2, 0.02, and 0.002 percent for deltamethrin 2.8 EC, 0.4 0.04 and 0.004 for cypermethrin 25 EC and 08, .04 and .01 for endosulfan 35 EC. Deltamethrin proved to be the most toxic and quick acting insecticide amongst all the insecticide followed by cypermethrin and endosulfan during observation at12, 24, 48 and 72h after feeding . On the basis of LC50 values at different time intervals the order of toxicity was, deltamethrin > cypermethrin > endosulfan. These findings can be helpful for the selection of suitable insecticides for effective pest management under field condition.
Endosulfan
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Three pesticides viz cypermethrin, λ-cyhalothrin and endosulfan @ 60, 15 and 300 g ai ha−1, respectively, were applied on okra crop and the residues were determined in fruits at different time intervals. The initial deposits were 0.53 ug g−1 for cypermethrin @ 60 g ai ha−1,0.64 µg g−1 for λ-cyhalothrin @ 15 g ai ha−1 and 9.25 µg g−1 for endosulfan at 300 g ai ha−1. The half-life periods calculated were 3.3, 5.2 and 3.8 days and safe waiting periods were 4.7, 8.6 and 8.3 days for cypermethrin, λ-cyhalothrin and endosulfan, respectively. Residue levels reached below MRL value of each pesticide in 9 days. Washing reduced the residues of cypermethrin, λ-cyhalothrin and endosulfan maximum up to 37.4, 35.6 and 23.8%, respectively.
Endosulfan
Cyhalothrin
Residue (chemistry)
Human decontamination
Waiting period
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Endosulfan, a neurotoxic organochlorine insecticide and cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used to control pests in domestic, industrial, and agricultural situations.The present study was carried out to investigate the acute oral toxicity, behavioral and histopathological changes of combination of endosulfan and cypermethrin in albino rats. According to Miller and Tainter analysis method, at 48 h, LD50 value of combination of endosulfan and cypermethrin (ratio 1:1) in rats was found to be 691.83 mg/kg bw by oral gavage.When combination of both these pesticides was administered orally at concentration of 103.72 mg/kg bw, 172.95 mg/kg bw and 207.50 mg/kg bw, respectively, as a single dose, no significant changes in behavior of rats was observed, neither in dosed nor in control group of rats. Combination of endosulfan- and cypermethrin-treated rats showed mild histopathological changes in liver and kidney in group IV (207.50 mg/kg BW) as compared to the control. However, no significant changes were observed in brain and small intestine at either dose of combination of endosulfan and cypermethrin with respect to control.Thus, the present study, first of its kind in India, demonstrated the oral toxicity, behavioral, and histo-architectual alterations after induction of combination of endosulfan and cypermethrin at acute doses in Wistar rats.
Endosulfan
Median lethal dose
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Endosulfan residues of 5.04 and 0.94 ppm on the 7th d on foliage and pod of green gram were effective against vegetative and pod bearing pests except Megaeurothrips distalis, which caused flower shedding. Cypermethrin residues of 4.29 and 0.39 ppm on the 7th d were effecttve against M. distalis. Spray yf endosulfan nt 33 5 dfter rowing (DAS) against vegetative stage pests and second spray of cypermethrin at 56 DAS against flower and pod stage pests were found to be economical, effective and safe.
Endosulfan
Gram
Persistence (discontinuity)
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Single application of two synthetic pyrethroids viz., cypermethrin at 22.5, 45 and 75 g a.i. ha1 and fenvalerate at 30, 60 and 112.5 g a.i. ha−1 and endosulfan at 525 g a.i. ha−1 were applied on brinjal and the residues were determined in terminal shoots at different time intervals and fruits at harvest. The initial deposits of cypermethrin at 22.5, 45 and 75 g a.i. ha−1 were 0.31, 0.58 and 0.93 μg g−1 and fenvalerate at 30, 60 and 112.5 g a.i. ha−1 were 0.43, 0.55 and 0.94 μg g1, respectively as compared to 1.25 μg g−1, for endosulfan. The half- life values calculated were 3.30, 3.39 and 3.16 d for 22.5, 45 and 75 g a.i. ha−1 cypermethrin, 2.98, 3.26 and 3.76 d for 30, 60 and 112.5 g a.i. ha−1 fenvalerate and 5.29 d for endosulfan at 525 g a.i. ha−1. The residue levels were found to be below MRL at 7 d for the pesticides under study.
Fenvalerate
Endosulfan
Residue (chemistry)
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Fenvalerate
Endosulfan
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Endosulfan
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The present study was done in 2010-11 to compare the persistence of endosulfan and cypermethrin in ready-mix formulation of Endohyper 40 EC (endosulfan 35% + cypermethrin 5%) with individual insecticide endosulfan (Endocel 35 EC) and cypermethrin (Challenger 25 EC). Endosulfan and cypermethrin were applied at recommended rate 350 g and 50 g ai/ha and at double the recommended rate 700 g and 100 g ai/ha on cauliflower crop. The curds and soil samples were collected at different intervals and analyzed after second spray. Residues of both insecticides were determined by using gas chromatograph, Agilent 6890N having electron capture detector. In curds the endosulfan and cypermethrin residues reached below detectable limit in 15 and 7 days when applied at recommended rate and in 20 and 10 days when applied at double recommended rate. Endosulfan deposits were reduced to half in 1.81-2.32 days and cypermethrin deposits required 1.19-1.44 days to reduce to half as combi product but when applied individually endosulfan initial deposits were reduced to their half in 1.21-1.51 days and cypermethrin deposits became half in 1.38-1.69 days. In soil residues of endosulfan persisted for 0-20 days whereas residues of cypermethrin persisted for 0 day only.
Endosulfan
Maximum Residue Limit
Residue (chemistry)
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