Using sediment ‘fingerprints’ to assess sediment-budget errors, North Halawa Valley, Oahu, Hawaii, 1991–92
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Reliable estimates of sediment-budget errors are important for interpreting sediment-budget results. Sediment-budget errors are commonly considered equal to sediment-budget imbalances, which may underestimate actual sediment-budget errors if they include compensating positive and negative errors. We modified the sediment ‘fingerprinting’ approach to qualitatively evaluate compensating errors in an annual (1991) fine (<63 μm) sediment budget for the North Halawa Valley, a mountainous, forested drainage basin on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, during construction of a major highway. We measured concentrations of aeolian quartz and 137Cs in sediment sources and fluvial sediments, and combined concentrations of these aerosols with the sediment budget to construct aerosol budgets. Aerosol concentrations were independent of the sediment budget, hence aerosol budgets were less likely than sediment budgets to include compensating errors. Differences between sediment-budget and aerosol-budget imbalances therefore provide a measure of compensating errors in the sediment budget. The sediment-budget imbalance equalled 25 per cent of the fluvial fine-sediment load. Aerosol-budget imbalances were equal to 19 per cent of the fluvial 137Cs load and 34 per cent of the fluvial quartz load. The reasonably close agreement between sediment- and aerosol-budget imbalances indicates that compensating errors in the sediment budget were not large and that the sediment-budget imbalance is a reliable measure of sediment-budget error. We attribute at least one-third of the 1991 fluvial fine-sediment load to highway construction. Continued monitoring indicated that highway construction produced 90 per cent of the fluvial fine-sediment load during 1992. Erosion of channel margins and attrition of coarse particles provided most of the fine sediment produced by natural processes. Hillslope processes contributed relatively minor amounts of sediment. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Keywords:
Sedimentary budget
Bank erosion
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According to monitoring data in the Lower Yellow River from Nov., 1999 to Oct., 2000, the characteristics of water and sediment out Xiaolangdi Reservoir have been analyzed, the erosion-deposition of channel in the lower reaches, bed sediment coarsening, sectional morphologic variation and river regime variation have been studied thoroughly, and the effect of deposition reduction on operation of regulating water and sediment in Xiaolangdi Reservoir has been analyzed and calculated. Simultaneously the effect of water supply to Tianjin urgently from Oct., 2000 to Feb., 2001 on deposition reduction has been also analyzed and studied. It is shown from the results that though water volume into the Lower Yellow River during this period is the lowest in history, the deposition reduction is still 0.216 billion t in the Lower Yellow River, therefore there are no great changes of river regime and dangerous situation of project occurred.
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A mass budget for the suspended sediment load of the Liu River was established for a period of 36 years (1968-2003). The approach was based on analysing the amount of sediment contributed by the different tributaries and the sediment storage in different reaches, using data available for six gauging stations on the Liu River. The findings indicate that nearly 50% of the suspended sediment flux from upstream tributaries was stored on the downstream riverbed, with almost 75% of this storage occurring in the reach extending from the Nao Dehai Station to the Zhang Wu Station. About 50% of the suspended sediment coming from upstream reached the catchment outlet. The key controls on the sediment budget of the river basin have been investigated. The findings reported in this paper have important implications for understanding suspended sediment dynamics and sediment control in river basins.
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A combination of spatial modelling, sediment tracing techniques and water-quality data were used to determine the major source of fine sediments in the Herbert River catchment, Queensland, Australia. Using modelling, hillslope erosion was predicted to be the dominant source of sediment, contributing 52% of the total sediment load at the estuary. Gully and stream bank erosion contributed equal loads to the estuary (~24%). The 137Cs concentrations measured in this study support the modelled predictions for contributions from different land uses. Results from modelling and sediment tracing also predicted similar ratios of hillslope to channel erosion. The total suspended sediment loads predicted for the downstream freshwater limit of the catchment are within 10% of longer term measured values. These results suggest that the modelling approach used in this study is useful for determining sediment budgets for large tropical catchments.
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Abstract Fine‐grained sediments constitute a major stressing factor for the aquatic ecosystem in the 15 000 km 2 Kharaa River catchment in Northern Mongolia. The objectives of this study were to identify the suspended sediment (SS) sources and quantify the sediment budget of the basin. Sediment sources were identified with the help of sediment tracing methods utilizing Be‐7, Cs‐137 and Pb‐210 radionuclides. High‐resolution discharge data were used in combination with daily suspended solid measurements to calculate the SS budget. These calculations were compared with the monthly archive data on SS and discharge to investigate temporal load variations. In addition, the sediment budget model SedNet was used to estimate the SS budget and test its applicability in a cold semi‐arid region. Results of the sediment tracing showed that riverbank erosion generates 74.5% of the suspended sediment load, whereas surface erosion contributes 21.7% and gully erosion only 3.8%. In the most intensely used agricultural tributary catchment Zagdelin Gol, upland erosion contributed only 12.7% to the total SS losses. The calculated mean annual sediment load for the years 1990–2002 was 20.3 kt⋅a −1 . The SedNet model computed SS export from the catchment in the same order of magnitude as measured data (16.2 kt⋅a −1 ). The results help to identify effective management measures to reduce sediment loads and mitigate its impact on the aquatic environment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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ABSTRACT: The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with state, local, and other federal agencies, has been collecting fluvial-sediment data for Ohio streams since April 1950. The amount of data collected, period of data collection, and purpose of the networks have varied over the years. Long-term fluvial-sediment records of annual suspended-sediment-discharge data are available for eight daily suspended-sediment stations operated in Ohio. Graphical and statistical analyses of long-term sediment records indicate that, in general, no long-term (>3- to 5-year) trends are readily apparent in the relation between annual mean suspended-sediment discharge and water discharge in Ohio; however, some short-term, year-to-year changes in that relation occur for Ohio streams. Double-mass curves for five daily suspended-sediment stations and seasonal Kendall analysis of data from eight daily suspended-sediment stations clearly illustrate the lack of any discernible changes in the suspended-sediment-discharge/water-discharge relation or in suspended-sediment concentration for most Ohio streams over the past 36 years.
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.Investigations of sediment transfer in upland catchments are rarely conducted over a sustained period of time, consequently a full understanding of the changing nature of sediment supply, storage and yield is often lacking. Three recent sediment budget studies from the Wet Swine Gill headwater catchment in the Lake District, Northern England, UK (a 0.65 km2, first‐order tributary), provide evidence of changes in sediment transfer dynamics over the period 2002–2008. The first sediment budget in 2002 describes the impact of a hillslope debris slide and channelised debris flow event, where the former was the dominant budget component. The termination of the debris flow in the Wet Swine Gill channel meant that the vast majority of slide failure material was not transferred to the downstream fluvial system. However, subsequent modification of exposed hillslope sediment by post‐event erosion processes and gully development resulted in ongoing erosion. A second sediment budget (June 2003–January 2004) demonstrated sediment yield downstream of the in‐channel debris slide deposits far exceeds upstream fluvial sediment delivery by two orders of magnitude (c. 4,000 kg and c. 20 kg, respectively). Erosion of sediment from the exposed hillslope failure scar (c. 1300 kg) was less than channel erosion (c. 3300 kg), and sediment transfers from both the hillslope and channel sediment sources are sensitive to high‐magnitude, low‐frequency trigger events including summer thunderstorms, and winter rainfall/ snow‐melt events. However, linear regression analysis only demonstrates weak or insignificant relations between meteorological conditions and sediment yield. A final sediment budget in April 2008 shows the significance of both hillslope (inclusive of gullying) and channel erosion/ transfer processes over the six‐year monitoring period. In this budget, like the first sediment budget, the hillslope system is marginally more dominant, and therefore demonstrates a further switch in the relative significance of hillslope and channel system components. When interpreting such findings the potential uncertainty in the budget components, particularly in the unmeasured residual components, should be considered, as the magnitude of the error can be large.These results suggest that contemporary event and post‐event sediment flux in small headwater catchments are more complex than short‐term investigations would initially suggest. Furthermore there is a clear need for continued, longer‐term monitoring of sediment system dynamics and associated hydro‐meteorological conditions, in order to develop understanding of how future climate change may impact upland sediment systems.
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