Sediment balance and delivery in a humid tropical urban river basin: The Kelang River, Malaysia
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A mass budget for the suspended sediment load of the Liu River was established for a period of 36 years (1968-2003). The approach was based on analysing the amount of sediment contributed by the different tributaries and the sediment storage in different reaches, using data available for six gauging stations on the Liu River. The findings indicate that nearly 50% of the suspended sediment flux from upstream tributaries was stored on the downstream riverbed, with almost 75% of this storage occurring in the reach extending from the Nao Dehai Station to the Zhang Wu Station. About 50% of the suspended sediment coming from upstream reached the catchment outlet. The key controls on the sediment budget of the river basin have been investigated. The findings reported in this paper have important implications for understanding suspended sediment dynamics and sediment control in river basins.
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A combination of spatial modelling, sediment tracing techniques and water-quality data were used to determine the major source of fine sediments in the Herbert River catchment, Queensland, Australia. Using modelling, hillslope erosion was predicted to be the dominant source of sediment, contributing 52% of the total sediment load at the estuary. Gully and stream bank erosion contributed equal loads to the estuary (~24%). The 137Cs concentrations measured in this study support the modelled predictions for contributions from different land uses. Results from modelling and sediment tracing also predicted similar ratios of hillslope to channel erosion. The total suspended sediment loads predicted for the downstream freshwater limit of the catchment are within 10% of longer term measured values. These results suggest that the modelling approach used in this study is useful for determining sediment budgets for large tropical catchments.
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Abstract Fine‐grained sediments constitute a major stressing factor for the aquatic ecosystem in the 15 000 km 2 Kharaa River catchment in Northern Mongolia. The objectives of this study were to identify the suspended sediment (SS) sources and quantify the sediment budget of the basin. Sediment sources were identified with the help of sediment tracing methods utilizing Be‐7, Cs‐137 and Pb‐210 radionuclides. High‐resolution discharge data were used in combination with daily suspended solid measurements to calculate the SS budget. These calculations were compared with the monthly archive data on SS and discharge to investigate temporal load variations. In addition, the sediment budget model SedNet was used to estimate the SS budget and test its applicability in a cold semi‐arid region. Results of the sediment tracing showed that riverbank erosion generates 74.5% of the suspended sediment load, whereas surface erosion contributes 21.7% and gully erosion only 3.8%. In the most intensely used agricultural tributary catchment Zagdelin Gol, upland erosion contributed only 12.7% to the total SS losses. The calculated mean annual sediment load for the years 1990–2002 was 20.3 kt⋅a −1 . The SedNet model computed SS export from the catchment in the same order of magnitude as measured data (16.2 kt⋅a −1 ). The results help to identify effective management measures to reduce sediment loads and mitigate its impact on the aquatic environment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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.Investigations of sediment transfer in upland catchments are rarely conducted over a sustained period of time, consequently a full understanding of the changing nature of sediment supply, storage and yield is often lacking. Three recent sediment budget studies from the Wet Swine Gill headwater catchment in the Lake District, Northern England, UK (a 0.65 km2, first‐order tributary), provide evidence of changes in sediment transfer dynamics over the period 2002–2008. The first sediment budget in 2002 describes the impact of a hillslope debris slide and channelised debris flow event, where the former was the dominant budget component. The termination of the debris flow in the Wet Swine Gill channel meant that the vast majority of slide failure material was not transferred to the downstream fluvial system. However, subsequent modification of exposed hillslope sediment by post‐event erosion processes and gully development resulted in ongoing erosion. A second sediment budget (June 2003–January 2004) demonstrated sediment yield downstream of the in‐channel debris slide deposits far exceeds upstream fluvial sediment delivery by two orders of magnitude (c. 4,000 kg and c. 20 kg, respectively). Erosion of sediment from the exposed hillslope failure scar (c. 1300 kg) was less than channel erosion (c. 3300 kg), and sediment transfers from both the hillslope and channel sediment sources are sensitive to high‐magnitude, low‐frequency trigger events including summer thunderstorms, and winter rainfall/ snow‐melt events. However, linear regression analysis only demonstrates weak or insignificant relations between meteorological conditions and sediment yield. A final sediment budget in April 2008 shows the significance of both hillslope (inclusive of gullying) and channel erosion/ transfer processes over the six‐year monitoring period. In this budget, like the first sediment budget, the hillslope system is marginally more dominant, and therefore demonstrates a further switch in the relative significance of hillslope and channel system components. When interpreting such findings the potential uncertainty in the budget components, particularly in the unmeasured residual components, should be considered, as the magnitude of the error can be large.These results suggest that contemporary event and post‐event sediment flux in small headwater catchments are more complex than short‐term investigations would initially suggest. Furthermore there is a clear need for continued, longer‐term monitoring of sediment system dynamics and associated hydro‐meteorological conditions, in order to develop understanding of how future climate change may impact upland sediment systems.
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