Correction of polarization and modal scrambling in multimode fibers by phase conjugation
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Abstract:
When polarized light is incident upon a long multimode fiber, the emerging light is randomly distributed among the spatial and polarization modes. We present experimental and theoretical results demonstrating that recovery of the spatial and polarization modes of the incident light takes place only when a phase conjugator at the fiber output preserves polarization on reflection.Keywords:
Scrambling
Phase conjugation
Ray
Modal dispersion
When polarized light is incident upon a long multimode fiber, the emerging light is randomly distributed among the spatial and polarization modes. We present experimental and theoretical results demonstrating that recovery of the spatial and polarization modes of the incident light takes place only when a phase conjugator at the fiber output preserves polarization on reflection.
Scrambling
Phase conjugation
Ray
Modal dispersion
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One: Education-Oriented Papers.- Pulse Propagation in Optical Fibers.- Source-type Representation for Fields in Optical Waveguide Sections and Their Consequences for the Spectral Field Constituents.- Microwave Approach to Optical Waveguides.- A Course in Optical Waveguides.- Two: Single-Mode Optical Fibers.- Theory of Imperfect Nonconventional Single-mode Optical Fibers.- Monomode Fibers for Long Haul Transmission Systems.- Single-Polarization Single-Mode Optical Waveguiding Schemes.- Measurement of Chromatic Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers by Incoherent Sources.- Extraction of Single-Mode Fiber ESI Parameters by Using a Simple Technique for the Measurement of Bend Loss.- Determination of Single-Mode Fiber Refractive Index Profiles by a Propagation-Mode Near-Field Scanning Technique.- The Effects of Birefringent Fluctuations on a Fiber Optic Gyro.- Birefringence in Weakly Guiding Highly Elliptical Core Fibers.- Three: Optical Waveguide Systems.- Recent Progress in Heterodyne/Coherent Optical Fiber Communications.- Polarization Stability Requirements for Coherent Optical Fiber Transmission Systems.- Feasibility and Requirements for Dispersion Compensation in Coherent FOC.- Optical Nonlinearity in Fibers: A New Factor in System Design.- Four: Optical Waveguide Theory and Practice.- Inversion Transformations in Geometrical Optics and Allied Subjects.- Hollow Waveguides for Long-Wavelength I. R. Radiation.- On the Eigenstates of Polarized Geometrical Rays in Graded-Index Multimode Fibers.- Matrix Method for Determining Propagation Characteristics of Optical Waveguides.- Variable Section Optical Waveguides.- Guided Modes of the Graded-Index Optical Fiber with a Parabolic-Index Core.- Approximate Dispersion Curves of Some Noncircular Dielectric Optical Waveguides.- Processing of Near-field Intensity Measurements in Optical Fibers.- Error Analysis of Refractive Index Profile Measurements of Optical Fibre and Preform.- Concatenation Phenomena in Multimode Fibers.- Analysis and Design of the Angular Scrambling Star Coupler.- An Accurate Analysis of the Emission from a Semiconductor Laser and Its Application to Excitation of an Optical Waveguide.- Backscattering in Optical Fibers.- Hamiltonian Analysis of the Propagation of Beam Modes in Multi-Mode Gradient Index Fibers.- Asymptotic Mode Expansion in Diffused Optical Waveguides with Gaussian Profile.- Five: Planar Optical Waveguides.- Carrier-Induced Index Change in A1GaAs InGaAsP Lasers and Its Influence on Optical Waveguiding.- Waveguide Type Optical Isolator and Circulator Using Magneto-Optic Garnet Thin Films.- Mode Coupling Coefficients and Brewster's Law of Waveguide Gratings.- Numerical Calculation of the Diffraction Pattern on the Focal Line of a Chirped Grating Lens on Optical Waveguides.- Waveguide Optical Planar Lens - A New Design.- On a Zig-Zag Ray Picture in a Planar Waveguide.- Scattering of Surface Waves on Transverse Discontinuities in Symmetrical Multi-layer Dielectric Waveguides.- Cutoff Frequencies of Optical Planar/Cylindrical Structures Using the Resonance Technique.- Six: Symposium Briefs.- Throughput and Coupling in Optical Fibers.- Beam Propagation in the Paraxial Approximation.- Leaky-wave Modes and Their Role in the Numerical Evaluation of the Field Excited by a Line Source in a Non-Symmetric, Inhomogeneously Layered Slab Waveguide.- Optical Image Transmission Through a Single Fiber by Chromatic coding.- Transient Stimulated Raman Scattering in Glass Fiber.- Research on Intensity Distribution of Multi-Order SRS in an Optical Fiber.- Experimental Investigation of Prism-Grating Couplers.- Transmission of High Power Laser Beams Through Optical Fiber.- Coupling between Single-mode Lasers and Single-Mode Fibers.- Faraday Rotation in Monomode Fiber with Axially varying Magnetic Field.- LiNb03 Waveguides by Electrically Enhanced Ion Migration and a Comparison of Techniques.- Geodesic Lenses for Integrated Optics.- Zirconia Containing Optical Fibers Pulled by Double Crucible Method.- Launching Light From Semiconductor Lasers into Single-Mode Fiber Optical Waveguides.- List and Index of Authors.
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A theoretical study was conducted to investigate the contributions of an individual fiber mode in mode-filtering techniques for enhancing bandwidth-distance product. The study used standard single mode fiber (SMF) for visible light communication over fiber (ViLiCOF). In the worst fiber dispersion at 405nm and at 637nm wavelengths, the standard SMF supports 10 and 4 linearly polarized modes respectively. Their performances after mode filtering took place were compared and the results reveal that; without accounting attenuation caused by Rayleigh scattering and Urbach tail effects, the small discrepancies between modal group indices of fundamental and slowest modes are very sensitive to the fiber bandwidth-distance product. In addition, the results of this study support the previous idea of mode filtering techniques as the methods for enhancing fiber bandwidth product; however, the evidence from this study suggests that fiber mode with the largest modal group indices should be targeted as their presence contributes the maximum modal delay. Furthermore, the results show the possibility of extending bandwidth of standard SMF to include visible light spectrum.
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Secure optical transmission based on random modal coupling in multimode fibers is analyzed using ultra-short pulses. The effects of modal dispersion over groups of degenerate modes is studied, and the compatibility of soliton spatial-division-multiplexing (SDM) with modal scrambling based security is assessed.
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Mode coupling
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We demonstrate that an optical wave propagating through a polarization and modal scrambling multimode fiber can regain its original polarization state by phase conjugation followed by reverse propagation through the medium. 1,2 Such a polarization recovery phenomenon is achieved even when magnetic field is applied along the fiber. 3 The experimental arrangement is described as follows: the output light from the argon-ion laser was coupled Into a graded-index multimode fiber (1 00-μm core diam, 20-m length). A section with a length of ~3 m of the fiber was placed in a uniform magnetic field. The output of the fiber was focused onto a BaTiO 3 crystal which aligned to form a self-pumped phase conjugate mirror. 4 The reflected phase conjugate light was linearly polarized along the x axis and coupled back into the fiber automatically. The polarization state of the phase conjugate light after passing through the fiber, was analyzed. The interesting and significantly new observations are that:
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We examine wave propagation in few-mode and multimode fibers with a small index difference between core and cladding, where linearly polarized (LP) "modes" serve as a highly useful simplified solution. However, for a nonzero index difference, each LP "mode" decomposes into two true fiber waveguide modes, typically an HE and an EH mode. These two constituent modes have different group delays, which results in an effect termed modal birefringence. This effect needs to be understood in the design of mode-multiplexed transmission systems. We report an analysis of modal birefringence including scaling rules for fiber design, and provide numerical results for about 50 of the lower order modes.
Cladding (metalworking)
Modal dispersion
Equilibrium mode distribution
Mode volume
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Differential group delay
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The degree of polarization for propagation waves in anisotropic single-mode fibers is formulated in terms of light source spectrum, incident polarization condition, and fiber parameters. The polarization degree deterioration is based on the incident wave split into two eigenpolarization modes inherent in the fiber. Since the two eigenpolarization modes have different group velocities from each other, the degree of polarization is degraded when both of the modes are excited. Polarization degree is preserved when only one of the eigenpolarization modes is excited. The degradation is determined by the mutual correlation function gamma, between the two modes, which depends on the light source spectra, fiber polarization dispersion, and fiber length.
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Polarization rotator
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A method for fabrication of a novel type of optical fiber with dispersion varying along the fiber length is described. The method takes into account the calculated dependence of fiber dispersion on fiber core diameter for the measured profile of the preform and the desirable dispersion dependence on the fiber length. The main optical parameters of the drawn fiber are theoretically studied and experimentally measured. The fibers are of great interest for nonlinear fiber optics. Such applications of the fibers, such as high-quality soliton pulse compression, soliton pulsewidth stabilization through compensation of losses, and generation of a high-repetition-rate train of practically uninteracting solitons, are considered.< >
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In this paper we report both theoretical and experimental evidence that equal MPD is extremely unlikely in few mode fiber, and next to impossible to achieve in highly multimode fiber. In one approach, we simply add together the intensity distributions of the various possible modes for a given V number fiber, and compare with what is observed in the laboratory under a variety of conditions. This is done for the incoherent case using a one hundred meter length of a similar fiber. In another method, Gloge's theory for the number of propagating modes is used to determine the approximate MPD in a highly multimode fiber. Both techniques point to the conclusion that the most likely distribution of power among the modes is one that decreases exponentially with mode, despite various mode-scrambling efforts.
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Mode volume
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