Structural Properties Analysis of Composite Wind Turbine Blade
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In the process of wind turbine operation, the blade needs to withstand various kinds of loads. With wind turbine power kept getting bigger, the strength requirement of the blades become higher. In order to improve the strength of the blade, lots of new composite materials are use in blade material component parts. This paper studies the geometry laminated structure, external and structural characteristics of composite blade.Wind‐turbine operations are associated with bat mortality worldwide; minimizing these fatalities is critically important to both bat conservation and public acceptance of wind‐energy development. We tested the effectiveness of raising wind‐turbine cut‐in speed – defined as the lowest wind speed at which turbines generate power to the utility system, thereby reducing turbine operation during periods of low wind speeds – to decrease bat mortality at the Casselman Wind Project in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, over a 2‐year period. Observed bat mortality at fully operational turbines was, on average, 5.4 and 3.6 times greater than mortality associated with curtailed (ie non‐operating) turbines in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Relatively small changes to wind‐turbine operation resulted in nightly reductions in bat mortality, ranging from 44% to 93%, with marginal annual power loss (≤ 1% of total annual output). Our findings suggest that increasing turbine cut‐in speeds at wind facilities in areas of conservation concern during times when active bats may be at particular risk from turbines could mitigate this detrimental aspect of wind‐energy generation.
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Parametric model
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Modern utility-scale wind farms consist of a large number of wind turbines. In order to improve the power generation efficiency of wind turbines, accurate quantification of power generation levels of multi-turbines is critical, in both wind farm design and operational controls. One challenging issue is that the power output levels of multiple wind turbines are different, due to complex interactions between turbines, known as wake effects. In general, upstream turbines in a wind farm absorb kinetic energy from wind. Therefore, downstream turbines tend to produce less power than upstream turbines. Moreover, depending on weather conditions, the power deficits of downstream turbines exhibit heterogeneous patterns. This study proposes a new statistical approach to characterize heterogeneous wake effects. The proposed approach decomposes the power outputs into the average pattern commonly exhibited by all turbines and the turbine-to-turbine variability caused by multi-turbine interactions. To capture the wake effects, turbine-specific regression parameters are modeled using a Gaussian Markov random field. A case study using actual wind farm data demonstrates the proposed approach's superior performance.
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The aim of the current paper is to present an approach to a wind turbine selection based on an annual wind measurements. The proposed approach led to a choice of an optimal device for the given wind conditions. The research was conducted for two potential wind farm locations, situated on the north of Poland. The wind measurements pointed out a suitability of the considered localizations for a wind farm development. Six types of wind turbines were investigated in each localization. The power of the wind turbines were in the range of 2.0 to 2.5 MW and with a medium size of the rotor being in the range of 82 to 100 m. The purpose of the research was to indicate a wind turbine with the lowest sensitivity to the variation of wind speed and simultaneously being most effective energetically. The Weibull density distribution was used in the analyses for three values of a shape coefficients k. The energy efficiency of the considered turbines were also assessed. In terms of the hourly distribution of the particular wind speeds, the most effective wind turbines were those with a nominal power of 2 MW, whereas the least effective were those with the nominal power of 2.3–2.5 MW. The novelty of the proposed approach is to analyze the productivity for many types of wind turbines in order to select the one which is the most effective energy producer. The analyses conducted in the paper allowed to indicate a wind turbine which generates the highest amount of energy independently on the wind speed variation.
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This paper examines the effect of different wind turbine classes on the electricity production of wind farms in two areas of Cyprus Island, which present low and medium wind potentials: Xylofagou and Limassol. Wind turbine classes determine the suitability of installing a wind turbine in a particulate site. Wind turbine data from five different manufacturers have been used. For each manufacturer, two wind turbines with identical rated power (in the range of 1.5 MW–3 MW) and different wind turbine classes (IEC II and IEC III) are compared. The results show the superiority of wind turbines that are designed for lower wind speeds (IEC III class) in both locations, in terms of energy production. This improvement is higher for the location with the lower wind potential and starts from 7%, while it can reach more than 50%.
Installation
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In today's industrial scenario, Gas Turbine is one of the most important components of auxiliary power plant system.In order maximize the overall performance and efficiency of all modern turbines, which theoretically operate according to Brayton cycle, they are operated at a very high temperature.These temperatures are so high that, which may fall in the region of turbine blade material melting point temperatures.Due to such high temperatures there is a possibility that the turbine blades may get damaged due to produced thermal stresses and presents a possible threat to the turbine system as well as the operators.Hence to ensure safe and reliable working of the turbines an effective and reliable cooling system is necessary.Currently available methods for cooling of the turbine blades include film cooling with impingement cooling for the leading edge, rib turbulated cooling using serpentine passages for the middle portion of the blade and pin fin cooling for the trailing edge of the turbine blades.The cooling mechanism for turbine blades must include cooling for all possible regions which are exposed to hot gas flow.The turbine blade tip is one of the critical regions which are severely exposed to hot gas flow occurring due to the leakage of gases from the clearance gap between the turbine tip and the shroud.Hence the tip of the turbine blade must be cooled effectively to prevent thermal expansion of the turbine blade tip due to heating.This cooling will eventually help to avoid rubbing of blades to the shroud which may cause their wear.In this paper, we will be presenting the review of various efforts made by various authors towards the cooling of the turbine blade tip.The paper includes both, experimental methods developed as well as numerical efforts reported.Various experimental setups developed for turbine blade tip cooling includes the pioneer work of R. S. Bunker [1] to the recent efforts put by the Potdar et al.It has been noted that most of the authors had attempted this kind of problems experimentally only.They have found that the heat transfer can be improved by adding various types of protrusions on the flat plate surface.These added surface essentially help to produce vortex kind of structure and eventually increases the turbulence level near the tip surface.However it is also fact that to carry out the experimentations for various conditions is very costly due to the need of the today's sophisticated measuring devices required to understand and visualize the heat transfer phenomena.On the other hand numerical simulations will provide the detailed visualization and analysis of the heat transfer and flow characteristics for cooling of turbine blade tip.However producing the accurate and reliable results using available CFD software ANSYS-Fluent also need to be reviewedAn attempt here is to explore and present most of the recentcontributions presented by various authors.These reviews will help and provide the detailed guidelines for planned numerical and experimental investigations required for the cooling of turbine blade tip, which help to provide the feasible and practically usable solution for cooling turbine tip.
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In the process of wind turbine operation, the blade needs to withstand various kinds of loads. With wind turbine power kept getting bigger, the strength requirement of the blades become higher. In order to improve the strength of the blade, lots of new composite materials are use in blade material component parts. This paper studies the geometry laminated structure, external and structural characteristics of composite blade.
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With the rise of new energy power generation technology, the installed capacity of wind turbines continues to increase. At the same time, the potential faults of wind turbines have also increased with the increase of wind turbines. Therefore, early prediction of potential faults of wind turbines and ensuring the safe and stable operation of wind turbines is of great significance for improving power generation efficiency and reducing maintenance costs. In order to realize the fault early warning of the main bearing of the wind turbine, an early warning method of the main bearing of the wind turbine based on Stacked Auto encoder (SAE) is proposed.
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This paper focus is on the small wind turbines resource potential estimation. Assessment is done for seven selected small wind turbines and one measured set of wind speed data with the micropower optimization modeling tool HOMER. Goal was to investigate how estimated energy production and economical parameters are sensitive to the selection of small wind turbine. Selected turbines have similar rated power, but different blades diameter and aerodynamic characteristics. Energy production was quantified for one year with hourly resolution. Results from all different wind turbines were compared on the power production base, and on the economical base. Two sensitivity cases related to the wind speed and installation lifetime were also simulated. Results are showing significant importance of the small wind turbine selection for the both total energy production and economical feasibility. This makes small wind turbine characteristics such as reliability and power curves testing very important.
Small wind turbine
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Power production of a wind turbine system is strongly dependent on both the wind regime at the site and the operating parameters of the wind turbine (design parameters). In order to evaluate the performance of a wind turbine in a given location, an accurate estimation of the turbine's Capacity Factor (CF) is required. This parameter shows the degree of match between the characteristics of the turbine and the wind patterns on the site. In this paper, four widely used empirical models are presented and compared using the method of bins, which is based on the manufacturer-provided power curves. The generic models considered in this paper are Linear Model (LM), Quadratic Model (QM), Cubic Model (CM), and General Model (GM). The validity of these models was investigated using a case study of four locations across Morocco which are namely: Tetouan, Essaouira, Taza and Ouarzazate. Four small scale wind turbines presenting different ranges of characteristic speeds and rated powers (10 kW, 20 kW, and 50 kW) were used to conduct the comparative study. From the obtained results, the recommended models are the Quadratic and the Cubic models. These two models present a good description of the turbines' power curves.
Empirical modelling
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