Seminal, adventitious and lateral root growth and physiological responses in rice to upland conditions
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Elongation
Upland rice
Root system
Dry weight
Lateral root
Since root elongation is very sensitive to auxin, screening for reduced inhibition in root elongation has been an important method for the detection of auxin-resistant mutants. Two recessive auxin-resistant lines of rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica cv. IR8), arm1 and arm2, have been isolated by screening for resistance to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). arm1 displays a variety of morphological defects including reduced lateral root formation, increased seminal root elongation, reduced root diameter, and impaired xylem development in roots, while the arm2 phenotype is almost similar to wild-type IR8 except for a slightly reduced lateral root formation, impaired xylem development in roots and an enhanced plant height. Although the growth of arm2 roots exhibited a resistance to 2,4-D, it was sensitive to 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) as the wild type. At the same time, the arm2 roots showed a reduced [14C]2,4-D uptake while uptake of [3H]NAA was normal, suggesting that the resistance to 2,4-D of arm2 roots is due to a defect in 2,4-D uptake. To investigate the possible interaction between arm1 and arm2 genes, a double mutant has been constructed. The roots of arm1 arm2 double mutant were more resistant to 2,4-D and formed fewer lateral roots than those of either single mutant, suggesting that the two genes show synergistic effects with respect to both auxin response and lateral root formation. By contrast, all these mutants displayed the normal gravitropic response in roots, as did the wild-type plants. Taken together, Arm1 and Arm2 genes seem to function in different processes in the auxin-response pathways leading to lateral root formation.
Elongation
Lateral root
Root hair
Wild type
Gravitropism
Rice plant
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Elongation
Upland rice
Root system
Dry weight
Lateral root
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Taproot
Dry weight
Lateral root
Perlite
Root system
Cutting
Quercus robur
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Dry weight
Hoagland solution
Plant Physiology
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Recently,the effect of NO3 availability on maize root morphology is a research hotspot.To understand the response of maize root morphology to changes in nitrate concentration,this paper used maize inbred line Zheng 58 as material,and analyzed the effect of changes in nitrate concentration within a short time,and partial NO3 treatment on seedling root characteristics,plant biomass,root / shoot ratio and total N content of plants.The results showed that treatment of high concentration of N(10 mmol / L) for a short time could promote main root elongation and inhibit lateral root germination.Treatment of low N concentration(0.04 mmol / L) could promote lateral root growth and dry matter accumulation in root system,and increased root / shoot ratio.Moreover,N deficiency and partial N supply inhibited lateral root elongation.The effect of plant biomass and total N content on lateral root growth showed there were correlation between plant dry weight and lateral root length and between total N content and lateral root density.Root system characteristics phenotype data and quantitative index analysis showed that changes of nitrate concentration in environment would firstly cause the change in growth of Zheng58's lateral root.
Elongation
Lateral root
Root system
Dry weight
Fibrous root system
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Understanding the growth and physiological responses of rice to upland conditions would be help-ful for designing treatments to improve the tolerance of rice under a rainfed system. The objective of this studywas to investigate the initiation, elongation and membrane stability of seminal, lateral and adventitious roots of upland rice after 9-d upland condition treatment. Compared with control roots under waterlogged conditions,upland water deficiency conditions favor seminal and lateral root growth over adventitious root growth by accel-erating seminal root elongation, promoting lateral root initiation and elongation, and reducing the elongation and number of adventitious roots. Enhanced total root number and length resulted in increase of total root dryweight and thereby increasing the mot-to-shoot ratio. Organic compound leakage from seminal root tips and ad-ventitious roots increased progressively to some extent with upland culture duration, while significant increasesin seminal root tips were the consequence of loss of membrane integrity caused by the upland-condition en-haneed growth.
Elongation
Upland rice
Root system
Lateral root
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Polar auxin transport was inhibited in rice seedlings when they were treated with N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). The treatment reduced total root length and the number of lateral roots, and negatively affected gravitropism. The auxin content at the base of the seminal root significantly increased in the NPA treatment seedlings compared to the control. Lateral roots elongated along the seminal root axis after NPA treatment, but growth remained within the cortex. Lignin content in the basal region also increased at the same time and accumulated in the epidermis. These results suggest that NPA treatment prevents lateral roots from penetrating the hypodermis due to the hardening of hypodermis cell walls through the enhanced lignification, and the disturbed gravitropism caused by NPA treatment affected auxin flow.
Elongation
Lateral root
Basal (medicine)
Root system
Root hair
Rice plant
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Wayan Wangiyana (2007). Effect of Flooding and Rice Cropping on the Development of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Subsequent Upland Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Agroteksos , 17(1): 1-7. ABSTRACT. Previous research indicated that flooded rice ( Oryza sativa L.) reduced survival of infected propagules of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). However, when the flooded rice soils were used to grow upland crops, high colonization levels could be obtained, especially on soybean. This research was aimed to examine if AMF inoculum survival in flooded rice soil, measured from root colonization on subsequent upland rice, is a function of flooding, the rice plant itself, or a combination of these; and if inoculum sources behave in the same way under flooded conditions. Based on the results obtained from a pot experiment conducted in a temperature-controlled glasshouse at the University of Western Sydney, Australia, from November 2002 to April 2003, it was concluded that flooded conditions in general reduced AMF colonization on subsequent upland rice crop, but only in the presence of rice crop with the flooded condition. When infected roots were the source of inoculum in the absence of rice crop, flooding in fact increased subsequent colonization when compared with unflooded condition, but there was no significant effect for soil inoculum. Therefore, neither flooding per se or the rice plant per se had any adverse effects on AMF inoculum survival, based on colonization levels observed on subsequent upland rice. It was necessary to have both flooded conditions and a growing rice plant for this to occur, and the inoculum source needed to be infected root fragments. It is suggested that rice is grown using SRI (System of Rice Intensification) technique, in which soil is maintained in intermittent flooded and dry conditions, which may facilitate AMF infection in rice crop. Wayan Wangiyana (2007). Pengaruh Penggenangan dan Penanaman Padi terhadap Perkembangan Fungi Mikroriza Arbuskular pada Padi ( Oryza sativa L.) Sistem Gogo Penanaman Berikutnya. Agroteksos , 17(1): 1-7. ABSTRAK. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa padi sistem tergenang menurunkan daya hidup propagul infektif FMA (fungi mikoriza arbuskular). Namun, jika tanah bekas padi sistem tergenang tersebut ditanami tanaman dengan sistem seperti lahan kering, dapat diperoleh kolonisasi yang tinggi terutama pada kedelai. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menentukan apakah daya hidup inokulum FMA pada padi sistem tergenang, yang diukur dari derajat kolonisasi akar padi sistem gogo yang ditanam berikutnya, merupakan fungsi dari penggenangan, adanya tanaman padi, atau kombinasi dari keduanya. Juga ingin ditentukan apakah sumber inokulum berbeda menunjukkan sifat yang sama dalam suasana tergenang. Dari hasil percobaan pot dalam rumah kaca dengan pengaturan suhu udara di University of Western Sydney, Australia, dari Nopember 2002 sampai April 2003, disimpulkan bahwa suasana tergenang secara umum menurunkan kolonisasi FMA pada tanaman padi sistem gogo berikutnya, tetapi hanya jika ada tanaman padi yang tumbuh pada suasana tergenang tersebut. Bila digunakan inokulum berupa potongan akar terinfeksi tanpa adanya tanaman padi yang sedang tumbuh, penggenangan bahkan dapat meningkatkan kolonisasi akar padi gogo berikutnya bila dibandingkan dengan tanpa penggenangan, tetapi tidak ada pengaruh pada pot yang diberi inokulum berupa tanah. Oleh karena itu, penggenangan sendiri maupun tanaman padi sendiri tidak berpengaruh buruk terhadap daya hidup inokulum FMA, berdasarkan derajat kolonisasi pada padi gogo berikutnya. Jadi, harus ada suasana tergenang dan tanaman padi yang sedang tumbuh, untuk terjadinya pengaruh buruk tersebut, dan sumber inokulum adalah akar terinfeksi. Sangat disarankan agar padi ditanam dengan teknik SRI ( System of Rice Intensification ), yang kondisi tanahnya bergantian antara tergenang dan kering, yang diharapkan dapat memfasilitasi infeksi FMA pada tanaman padi.
Upland rice
Oryza
Propagule
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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Pot experiment with 7 treatments was conducted during 1997~1998 to investigate effects of nitrogen fertilizer applied at different growth stages on root growth and grain yield of Yangdao 6 ( Oryza sativa L.). Nitrogen was applied as basal or as top dressing for tillering, spikelet promoting and spikelet sustaining. Results were as follows: ① Basal nitrogen and top dressing at tillering stage significantly increased the number of adventitious roots, the total length of the roots and root dry weight per plant in internode elongation stage and in leaf age remainde. ② Low rate of N application could significantly increase the number of adventitious roots, the total length of the roots and root dry weight per plant, regardless of applying as basal, tillering or spikelet promoting fertilizer. Earlier application was more effective. ③ Combination of top dressing N as tillering and spikelet promoting N significantly increased root dry weight. Combination of top dressing N as tillering and spikelet sustaining N stimulated the elongation of adventitious roots, and increased the total length of roots per plant. ④ Grain yield per plant had close correlation with root dry weight per plant, the number of adventitious roots per plant and dry weight per unit length of root, i.e., correlation coefficients ( r , df=12) were 0.838 6 ** , 0.715 9 ** and 0 554 7 *, respectively.
Elongation
Dry weight
Lateral root
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