Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Essential Oil Components from Lemon-Scented Botanicals
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Keywords:
Citronellal
Melissa Officinalis
Cymbopogon citratus
Caryophyllene
Geranyl acetate
Supercritical fluid extraction
Citral
Citronellal
Melissa Officinalis
Cymbopogon citratus
Caryophyllene
Geranyl acetate
Supercritical fluid extraction
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Abstract The leaf oil obtained by hydrodistillation from Melissa officinalis L. c. v. citra cultivated at Nitra locality (Slovak Republic) was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. M. officinalis oil was found to contain geranial (33.60%), neral (22.18%), citronellal (11.30%), caryophyllene oxide (8.35%), geranyl acetate (5.89%), and β-caryophyllene (4.20%) as the major components. More than 50 components were identified in the oil.
Citronellal
Melissa Officinalis
Geranyl acetate
Slovak
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The present study investigated changes in the content and chemical composition of the essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation from air-dried Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) leaves in the first and second year of plant growth. The lemon balm oil was analysed by GC-MS and GC-FID. The presence of 106 compounds, representing 100% of the oil constituents, was determined in the oil. The predominant components were geranial (45.2% and 45.1%) and neral (32.8% and 33.8%); their proportions in the examined samples of the oil obtained from one- and two-year-old plants were comparable. However, the age of lemon balm plants affected the concentration of other constituents and the proportions of the following compounds were subject to especially high fluctuations: citronellal (8.7% and 0.4%), geraniol (trace amounts and 0.6%), and geranyl acetate (0.5% and 3.0%), as well as, among others, isogeranial, E-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, germacrene D, and carvacrol. The essential oil of two-year-old plants was characterized by a richer chemical composition than the oil from younger plants.
Melissa Officinalis
Citronellal
Geranyl acetate
Germacrene D
Carvacrol
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Comparative research has been conducted to allow us to determine the content of heavy metals and chemical composition of lemon balm oils, as well as to identify the possibility of lemon balm growth on soils contaminated by heavy metals. The experimental plots were situated at different distances of 0.5 km, and 15 km, respectively, from the source of pollution the Non-Ferrous-Metal Works (MFMW) near Plovdiv, Bulgaria. On reaching the flowering stage the lemon balm plants were gathered. The content of heavy metals in leaves of lemon balm was determined by ICP. The essential oils of the lemon balm were obtained by steam distillation in laboratory conditions which were analyzed for heavy metals and chemical composition was determined. Lemon balm is a plant that is tolerant to heavy metals and can be grown on contaminated soils. Heavy metals do not affect the development of lemon balm and the quality and quantity of oil obtained from it. Forty components were identified in the oils. The quantity of identified compounds corresponds to 98.82-98.83% of the total oil content. Among the detected compounds, beta-citral (neral) (19.31-20.78%), alfa-citral (geranial) (18,65-19,12%), β-caryophyllene (14.76-16.28%), α-cadinol (3.88-4.74%), geranyl acetate (3.49-3.59%), trans-geraniol (3.40-3.51%), germacrene (3.18-3.28%), citronellal (2.94-3.03%), nerol (2.63-2.71%), neryl acetate (2.42 -2.49%) were the major compounds. The essential oil of Melissa officinalis L. can be a valuable product for farmers from polluted regions.
Melissa Officinalis
Citronellal
Citral
Geranyl acetate
Nerol
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Abstract: Aloysia citriodora (Verbenaceae), Melissa officinalis (Lamiaceae) and Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) leaves have a gentle lemon-scented essential oil, contains citral or citronellal and are called the Lemongrass in Turkey. This similarity causes the use of plants for the same purposes despite the presence of different families and different morphological and anatomical structure. Instead of Melissa officinalis, which grows naturally in our country, Aloysia citriodora samples are sold in bazaars and herbal markets. Leaves of all species are used and sold. In this study morphological and anatomical features of leaves of Aloysia citriodora, Melissa officinalis and Cymbopogon citratus are investigated to identification of powder and big parts in herbal tea. Key words: Melissa, Cymbopogon, Aloysia, Lemongrass, Morphology, Anatomy.
Cymbopogon citratus
Melissa Officinalis
Citral
Citronellal
Verbenaceae
Lippia
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The leaf essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus L. and Cymbopogon nardus L. (Poaceae) from Togo were steam-distilled, analyzed for percentage composition and investigated in vitro for their potential cytotoxic activity on human epidermic cell line HaCat. The percentage composition showed that the main constituents of essential oils samples were respectively geranial (45.2%), neral (32.4%) and myrc¨ne (10.2%) for C. citratus essential oil and citronellal (35.5%), geraniol (27.9%) and citronellol (10.7%) for that of C. nardus. The in vitro cytotoxicity bioassays on human epidermic cell line HaCaT revealed that the toxicity of the essential oil from C.citratus (IC50: 150 µL.mL-1) was higher than that of the essential oil from C.nardus (IC50: 450 µL.mL-1). Pure commercial neral, geranial, and citronellal standards showed respectively the following IC50 values: 100, 250 and 300 µL.mL-1). Conversely, pure citronellol standard appeared almost non-toxic (IC50>1000 µL.mL-1), proving the major role played in synergy by neral and geranial in the overall toxicity showed by the citratus oil sample tested in this work.
Cymbopogon citratus
Citronellal
Citronellol
Citral
Geranyl acetate
Nerol
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Abstract: Aloysia citriodora (Verbenaceae), Melissa officinalis (Lamiaceae) and Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) leaves have a gentle lemon-scented essential oil, contains citral or citronellal and are called the Lemongrass in Turkey. This similarity causes the use of plants for the same purposes despite the presence of different families and different morphological and anatomical structure. Instead of Melissa officinalis, which grows naturally in our country, Aloysia citriodora samples are sold in bazaars and herbal markets. Leaves of all species are used and sold. In this study morphological and anatomical features of leaves of Aloysia citriodora, Melissa officinalis and Cymbopogon citratus are investigated to identification of powder and big parts in herbal tea. Key words: Melissa, Cymbopogon, Aloysia, Lemongrass, Morphology, Anatomy.
Cymbopogon citratus
Melissa Officinalis
Citral
Citronellal
Verbenaceae
Lippia
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Considering the importance of medicinal plants growth and biological application of fertilizers with sustainable agricultural production in order to eliminate or reduce chemical input to achieve desirable and sustainable quality, an experimental research was conducted based on a factorial on basis of randomized complete block design with 18 treatments and three replication in 2013. Factors including: Vermicompost at three levels (0, 15 and 30% V/Pot), two levels of biophosphate (treated and untreated) and three levels of chemical fertilizers (0, 250 and 500 mg/pot). The results showed that the essential oil content of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) and its constituents were significantly affected by treatments. The most significant essential oil content (0.271 %) was obtained by applying 30% V/Pot vermicompost. Fifteen compounds were identified in the essential oils of M. officinalis. Main constituents of the essential oil are citronellal, β-caryophyllene, neral, geranial and geranyl acetate. The maximum citronellal content in essential oil (49.4% and 47.8%) were obtained with C0 (no chemical fertilizers), and V2 (30% V/Pot vermicompost), respectively. The highest geranial contents (19.818% and 18.902%) was obtained with C2, 500 mg chemical fertilizer, and V2, applying 30% V/Pot vermicompost, respectively and the highest geranyl acetate content (1.962%) was obtained with V2 (30% V/ Pot vermicompost). β-caryophyllene and content in essential oil was not affected by treatments. The results of current experiment showed that vermicompost and biophosphate have stimulatory effects on the quantity and quality of the essential oil in lemon balm and thus have considerable potential for providing nutritional elements in essential oil production of lemon balm, especially for the sustainable production systems.
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Citronellal
Melissa Officinalis
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The essential oil composition of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) produced in two ecological conditions were evaluated using gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Thirty-three constituents, representing 91.4 ± 1.56% to 98.1 ± 0.60% of the total oil compositions, were identified. The major constituents of the essential oil were geranial (42.3 ± 1.77% to 44.9 ± 3.23%), neral (30.7 ± 1.11% to 32.6 ± 3.57%), (E)-caryophyllene (2.8 ± 1.00% to 3.5 ± 1.27%), geranyl acetate (0.7 ± 0.49% to 3.3 ± 0.15%), geraniol (0.9 ± 0.93% to 2.6 ± 0.35%), piperitone (0.6 ± 0.96% to 2.5 ± 1.81%), nerol (0.8 ± 0.44% to 2.4 ± 0.23%), caryophyllene oxide (0.8 ± 0.81% to 2.3 ± 0.55%), (E)-isocitral (0.5 ± 0.06% to 2.1 ± 0.46%) and citronellal (0.4 ± 0.52% to 2.1 ± 0.06%). The examined lemon balm essential oil was considerably rich in monoterpenoid aldehyde (citral, 73.0–77.5%).
Citronellal
Melissa Officinalis
Nerol
Citral
Geranyl acetate
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Abstract The effects of cutting and /or harvest day time on the essential oil content addition to its constituents of Melissa officinalis L. plants were carried out at Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai, China, during the years of 2007 and 2008. The oil content varies greatly with a range of 0.12 % to 0.25 % (0.048 to 0.1000 g per plant) during the first and second cutting. The oil yield was particularly high at 5 pm (0.25 % or 0.1000 g per plant) during the first cutting. Harvest day time at 5 pm resulted the highest percentages of the main components (citronellal, citronellol and geranyl acetate) of essential oil extracted from Melissa officinalis L. plants. The highest percentage of monoterpene compounds was resulted at 5 pm during the first and second cutting. The highest percentage of sesquiterpene compounds was resulted at 1 pm treatment during the first cutting while it resulted at 3 pm treatment during the second cutting.
Melissa Officinalis
Citronellal
Citronellol
Geranyl acetate
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