Isotopic composition and concentration measurements of atmospheric CO2 with a diode laser making use of correlations between non-equivalent absorption cells
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Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are rising from the current ambient level of ca 350 ul /liter to 500 -600 ul /liter projected for 50to 75 -years hence. In addition, plant scientists are enhancing the CO2 environment to increase photosynthesis which is currently limited by inadequate levels of CO2. There are many questions as to how increases of CO2 might affect other organisms. The growth and feeding response of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), to soybeans grown in controlled carbon dioxide atmosphere was studied by Lincoln et al. (1984). Larvae fed at increasingly higher rates on plants from elevated carbon dioxide atmospheres, suggesting that the impact of herbivores on their host plants may increase as the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide rises. During 1984 we sampled sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), populations in field plots of
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A linear systems analysis of the Mauna Loa carbon dioxide data is presented using estimated fossil carbon dioxide production as input and observed yearly means of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as output. The analysis is done on discrete time basis with 1 year as a time step. Because of the near exponential increase in fossil fuel production, not much information is possible to extract from the data concerning system parameters except that at present, 50–60% of the atmosphere “excess” carbon dioxide is transferred to the earth's surface yearly (the oceans and land surfaces). However, the results indicate that the pre-industrial equilibrium level of atmospheric carbon dioxide may have increased to a new “equilibrium” level about 10 per mille higher. This can, however, be due to the slow exchange rate between deep sea water and the more superficial parts, the parameter of which is not possible to deduce from the available set of input-output data.
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Abstract : The dynamics of atmospheric carbon dioxide interaction with the ocean and land masses is manifested in subtle fluctuations and long-term trends. Measurements over the past 100 years indicate that there has been an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide as a result of the industrial revolution. Theories have been formulated on how an increase in carbon dioxide might effect climatic change, but the validity of historical data collection remains uncertain. A study was initiated in 1961 to accurately document the concentration and variation of carbon dioxide in the arctic atmosphere near Barrow, Alaska. Carbon dioxide in air was measured continuously by infrared analysis and the use of reference gases calibrated with precision in a cooperative program of CO2 observations in Hawaii and the Antarctic. Carbon dioxide is increasing at a rate of approximately 0.8 parts per million by volume per year in the arctic atmosphere, as well as in the tropics and the Antarctic. The seasonal variation for CO2 in the air, greatest in the Arctic and very small in the Antarctic, is primarily a response to photosynthetic utilization of carbon dioxide by terrestrial plants in the northern hemisphere.
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Elevated carbon dioxide throughout the lifespan of soybean causes an increase in photosynthesis, biomass, and seed yield. A rectangular hyperbola model predicts a 32% increase in soybean seed yield with a doubling of carbon dioxide from 315 to 630 ppm and shows that yields may have increased by 13% from about 1800 A.D. to the present due to global carbon dioxide increases. Several other sets of data indicate that photosynthetic and growth response to rising carbon dioxide of many species, including woody plants, is similar to that of soybean. Calculations suggest that enough carbon could be sequestered annually from increased photosynthesis and biomass production due to the rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide from 315 ppm in 1958 to about 345 ppm in 1986 to reduce the impact of deforestation in the tropics on the putative current flux of carbon from the biosphere to the atmosphere.
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Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration was measured at several locations in Tokyo, for two weeks, in December, 1995 and 1996, and was found to be increased up to 550 ppm, while it was shown by us to be 450 ppm in December, 1994. These results demonstrate that atmospheric carbon dioxide is steadily increasing at faster rates in Tokyo than we expect, though it has been considered that the atmospheric carbon dioxide is still as much as 350 ppm. Bicarbonate concentration and pH of urine of 13 medical students in Tokyo were also measured for the same period in December of 1995 and 1996, and were found to be significantly increased compared with the values that were reported in the past. Furthermore, urinary bicarbonate and pH were extensively increased, when 4 and 5 students made 3-hour car trip in two different cars with all windows closed, where carbon dioxide was increased up to about 5000 ppm within 1 hour. These results support our previous hypothesis that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide may be reflected by the increase of urinary bicarbonate and pH. Our results also suggest that the environmental situation is being seriously aggravated in Tokyo, year by year, in terms of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
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In the atmosphere, the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are rising in gradually increasing pace since the Industrial Revolution. The rising concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) contributes to global warming, and the changes affect to both the precipitation and the evaporation quantity. Moreover, the concentration of carbon dioxide directly affects the productivity and physiology of plants. The effect of temperature changes on plants is still controversial, although studies have been widely conducted. The C4-type plants react better in this respect than the C3-type plants. However, the C3-type plants respond more richer for the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate change.
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Carbon dioxide is a low-concentration, but important, component of the Earth's atmosphere. This gas absorbs electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in several regions of the spectrum. Absorption of energy by carbon dioxide adds heat to the atmosphere. In the world today, the burning of fossil fuels and other anthropogenic processes adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Other natural processes in the Earth's system both add and remove carbon dioxide. Overall, measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide at selected sites around the globe show an increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. A figure shows the measured carbon dioxide from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, from 1958 to 2000. Overall, the concentration has increased from 315 to 365 ppm at this site over this period. (There is also a yearly cycle to the concentration that is timed with and hypothesized to be related to the vegetation growing season in the Northern Hemisphere.) The overall expected effect of this increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide is trapping of heat in the atmosphere and global warming. While this overall relationship between carbon dioxide and global warming seems straightforward, many of the specific details relating to regional and local sources and sinks and gradients of carbon dioxide are not well understood. A remote sensing capability to measure carbon dioxide could provide important inputs for scientific research to better understand the distribution and change in atmospheric carbon dioxide at detailed spatial and temporal levels. In pursuit of this remote sensing of carbon dioxide objective, this paper analyzes the expression of carbon dioxide in the spectral range measured by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imagery Spectrometer (AVIRIS). Based on these analyses, a spectral-fitting algorithm that uses AVIRIS measured spectra and MODTRAN radiative-transfer code modeled spectra to derive total column carbon dioxide abundance has been developed. This algorithm has been applied to an AVIRIS data set acquired over Pasadena, California, in 1999 and a data set acquired over the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii in 2000 with promising results. This is ongoing research; the current initial analyses, measurements, and results are reported in this paper.
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