Significance of Rises in Urinary Bicarbonate Contents and pH Related with Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in Tokyo.
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Abstract:
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration was measured at several locations in Tokyo, for two weeks, in December, 1995 and 1996, and was found to be increased up to 550 ppm, while it was shown by us to be 450 ppm in December, 1994. These results demonstrate that atmospheric carbon dioxide is steadily increasing at faster rates in Tokyo than we expect, though it has been considered that the atmospheric carbon dioxide is still as much as 350 ppm. Bicarbonate concentration and pH of urine of 13 medical students in Tokyo were also measured for the same period in December of 1995 and 1996, and were found to be significantly increased compared with the values that were reported in the past. Furthermore, urinary bicarbonate and pH were extensively increased, when 4 and 5 students made 3-hour car trip in two different cars with all windows closed, where carbon dioxide was increased up to about 5000 ppm within 1 hour. These results support our previous hypothesis that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide may be reflected by the increase of urinary bicarbonate and pH. Our results also suggest that the environmental situation is being seriously aggravated in Tokyo, year by year, in terms of atmospheric carbon dioxide.Keywords:
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Aquatic green plants can assimilate carbon dioxide in solutions of widely varying hydrogen-ion concentration. Our purpose in investigating the rate of photosynthesis as a function of this factor was to clarify the interpretation of experiments in carbonate mixtures, where the concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate ions and of free carbon dioxide all vary with the hydrogen-ion concentration. The relationships are shown in figure. 1, where the percentage of total carbon dioxide in each of these three forms is plotted against the pH. The range covered by the carbonate mixtures is to the right of pH 8. From here the proportion of bicarbonate, which is at first maximal, declines with increasing pH, and the carbonate, extremely low at first, rises gradually to its maximum somewhere beyond pH 12. At the same time the proportion of free carbon dioxide declines
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The activation of carbon dioxide was studied over a zirconium dioxide catalyst via infrared spectroscopy and 18O-labeled reactants. The carbon dioxide adsorbed on the surface as either a carbonate or a bicarbonate species. The carbonate species formed as a result of CO2 interaction with lattice oxygen. The bicarbonate species formed from CO2 interaction with a hydroxyl group. There was no direct interconversion between the carbonate and the bicarbonate. It is proposed that the bicarbonate can be converted to the formate via molecular CO.
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The metabolism of washed ram spermatozoa was studied in the presence of bicarbonate or carbon dioxide or both under various conditions of incubation. The presence of respired carbon dioxide had little or no effect on the utilization of glucose or fructose by ram spermatozoa whether potassium was present or not. On the other hand, the addition of 6 mM sodium bicarbonate to a potassium-containing diluent stimulated oxygen uptake, glycolysis, and fructolysis by the spermatozoa. The effect of bicarbonate on substrate utilization did not depend on the maintenance of a constant concentration of carbon dioxide in the gas phase and was not influenced by prior exposure to bicarbonate. Substrate utilization was not stimulated by bicarbonate in the absence of potassium; there was a depression of oxygen uptake under these conditions.
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The rate of turnover of free carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ion (total carbon dioxide) in the anterior chamber of the eye of the rabbit has been estimated to be about 4% per minute.1The separate rates of turnover of the several components of the bicarbonate system were taken into account in making the calculation, but no allowance was made for the possible accelerating effect on the turnover due to the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion. Moreover, the calculated value for the rate also depended upon the validity of the assumption that the difference in the pH between the aqueous humor and plasma before and after giving acetazolamide (Diamox) remained constant, that the drug had no effect on the rate of diffusion of either carbon dioxide or bicarbonate ion, and that the flow rate of aqueous humor was reduced to one-half by the acetazolamide. Since these assumptions may
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The multiple-indicator-dilution technique has been applied to a study of the permeability of proximal and distal portions of the nephrons to dissolved carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ion in anesthetized dogs. Under control conditions with mannitol loading, the excreted carbon dioxide appears considerably earlier than the simultaneously injected creatinine whether dissolved CO 2 or bicarbonate ion is injected. After inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by acetazolamide, there is relatively little effect on the excretion pattern of dissolved CO 2 . However, the excretion pattern of bicarbonate ion becomes nearly parallel to that of creatinine: the early peak disappears. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that the distal portions of the nephrons are permeable to dissolved CO 2 but impermeable to bicarbonate ion and that, under control conditions, carbonic anhydrase serves to establish a catalytically mediated diffusion exchange for the transfer of CO 2 derived from bicarbonate ion. Similar conclusions may apply to the proximal portions of the nephrons. On taking into account other data, it appears that the collecting ducts are impermeable to dissolved carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide produced by decarboxylation of pyruvate has excretion patterns similar to those obtained for dissolved carbon dioxide. It is concluded that the decarboxylation product is dissolved CO 2 and not bicarbonate ion.
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An infrared carbon dioxide analyzer was used to measure the pCO 2 of air in equilibrium with seawater. From the pCO 2 and pH of the seawater, the amount of bicarbonate plus carbonate ion could be calculated. These values were also obtained by acidifying the seawater and measuring the amount of carbon dioxide that was released. These methods provide accurate measurements of the concentrations of inorganic carbon which are available for photosynthesis by marine plants. For example, these techniques showed that Iridaea cordatum used bicarbonate ion rather than CO 2 during photosynthesis at high pH.
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