Performance measurement and percent body fat in the high school athlete
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Abstract:
Standards for performance have been derived from the preseason assessment of the high school athlete. The performance of 3,174 athletes during five performance tests was measured. The tests included dips, sit-ups, and pull-ups, in addition to grip strength measurement and vertical jump capability. Measurements were converted to the amount of work done or force developed. Nondimensional ratios were determined using the tables and empirical equations presented in this paper. These quantities were then compared to the percent body fat. The average performance of the athletes as determined by the testing procedures described herein decreases dramatically as the body fat increases above 10% in males and 19% in females.Keywords:
Vertical jump
To assess differences between the Vertec and the Just Jump Systems in measuring height of vertical jump, 248 boys and 232 girls between 7 and 11 years were required to perform four maximal countermovement vertical jumps. A maximum of the four trials recorded was the dependent variable. Each vertical jump was simultaneously evaluated by each measuring device and a paired t test indicated the systems were significantly different; however, the experiment wise difference of .93 in has no practical value. The Just Jump System seems a viable alternative. Advantages and potential pitfalls regarding the use of each system are discussed.
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Vertical jump testing is a commonly used method for measuring an individual’s anaerobic (explosive) power (Markovic, et al., 2004). Reliable and repeatable assessment of the vertical jump has implications in many health, wellness, and physical activity domains. The Vertec™ and force plate (gold standard) are devices used for accurately measuring vertical jump height; research conducted on these devices have shown their validity in measuring jump height (Buckthorpe, et al. 2012). The force plate and the Vertec™, although accurate at measuring vertical jump height, are costly and not easily accessible to many coaches and the general public. An accurate and accessible field measure would allow assessment of vertical jump height and power in many settings. PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment was to examine the reliability and validity of the My Jump app (utilized on Ipad mini) compared to the Vertec™. METHODS: Sixty-five college-aged participants performed three maximal countermovement vertical jumps. A Vertec™ measurement device was used in conjunction with the My Jump app to measure jump height. Jump heights from the Vertec™ were then correlated to those from the My Jump app. Peak power values were calculated using the Sayers equation (Sayers et al. 1999). The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was determined between the jump heights measured by the Vertec™ and the My Jump app. RESULTS: The average jump height measured by the Vertec™ 20.1 in. (5.4) was significantly higher than the height from My Jump app 16.1 in. (4.5). A strong and significant correlation was found between the two height measurements, r=0.814, p<0.01 and for peak power measures r=0.933 p<0.01. CONCLUSIONS: The My Jump app may provide a reliable measure of vertical jump height in multiple settings without the need of costly equipment such as force plates or Vertec™. We chose to compare the My Jump app to the Vertec™ because the Vertec™ is more commonly used to measure jump height due to the expense compared to a force plate.The lower height values using My Jump app may stem from the fact that subjects reach for the rungs on the Vertec™ while My Jump app measures the flight time to determine the vertical height of the center of mass. However, the ease of use and portability makes the app an accessible tool for measuring jump height in multiple settings.
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Fifteen subjects, 21–62 years old, participated in a 6-week toe flexor strengthening program using the archxerciser. Pre-and posttraining data for toe strength, vertical jump height simultaneously using the Just Jump and Vertec, and horizontal jump distance were collected for both control and exercise legs. Post hoc paired sample t-tests (p < 0.05) indicated significant improvement in all categories. This supported the hypothesis that the unconventional method of strength training the toe flexors should be considered a valuable adjunct in a training program designed to enhance vertical or horizontal jump ability. The relationship of different testing methods was also assessed. A Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant (0.001 level) correlation when simultaneously using the Vertec and Just Jump to quantify vertical jump performance. A significant (0.01 level) correlation between individual performance in the vertical and horizontal jump was also identified. These results indicate that the tester is not restricted to a single testing device or method for assessment of jump performance.
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The vertical jump (VJ) test is often administered in various sport sectors such as the NBA and NFL combines in order to possibly predict future athlete success. The VJ test is designed to assess lower body peak power by having subjects explosively jump vertically and recording the maximum jump height. Previous research studies have examined different focal points and/or appropriate recovery protocols that may contribute to higher jumping performance in various types of athletes. However, many athletes perform in a competitive setting in their respective sports. Thus, replicating a "competitive environment" during a VJ assessment test setting may elicit an ergogenic effect on an individual's jumping performance. PURPOSE: to determine if competition will have an impact on vertical jump performance in males with an athletic background. METHODS: Twenty-eight no less than averagely fit college aged males had descriptive data collected (i.e. age, HT, WT, BF%) and their reach height measured. Participants then completed a dynamic 8 min warmup and then received a 4 min passive recovery (PR) period. Subjects then completed four familiarization jumps in a counter movement manner and then had another 4 min of PR. After the 2nd 4 min PR period, participants completed six jumps for both jump series with thirty seconds of rest between jumps and 6 min of PR between each jump series. The jump series protocol consisted of two separate counterbalanced jump series. One series consisted of a solo jump (SJ) setting where the subject jumped alone. The competitive jump series occurred where one subject jumped against another subject. A paired-samples t-Test was used to analyze the highest SJ and CJ jumps with significance determined at an alpha level of 0.05. RESULTS: CJ (73.97 + 10.20 cm) was significantly different (p = 0.002) than SJ (72.75 + 9.86 cm). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that the VJ test competitive format may have elicited an increase in the VJ performance. Future research is needed to assess the effect of competition on VJ performance in female athletes as well as male athletes who specialize in sports with repetitive jumping movements.
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The aim of the present study was to examine the time course of changes of the effects of static stretching on straddle jump, vertical jump height and flexibility after performing dynamic movements in artistic gymnasts. The study was participated by 14 female artistic gymnasts aged between 9 and 14. Vertical jump heights were measured using the New Test 2000 testing device. Flexibility measurement was performed with sit and reach flexibility test. Artistic gymnastics-specific jump movement was evaluated looking at the angle between lower extremities using the Dartfish motion analysis program. Baseline measurements taken before the standard warm-up and the measurements taken after static stretching were assessed. Four sets of gymnastics moves each lasting two minutes were performed. The tests were repeated after each set. Static stretching was found to affect vertical jump performance significantly. Significant differences were found between Jump2 and Jump1 (p=0.01), Jump2 and Jump3 (p=0.03), Jump2 and Jump4 (p=0.01), Jump2 and Jumop5 (p=0.004), and Jump2 and Jump6 (p=0.009). In flexibility-related changes, significant differences were found between Reach2 and Reach3 (p=0.03), and Reach2 and Reach6 (p=0.006). Static stretching was found to have no significant effect on the lower extremity straddle jump degree. In conclusion, although the static stretching protocol reduced vertical jump performance significantly, it did not affect the artistic gymnastics-specific jump move. The negative effects of static stretching on jump height approached the baseline value approximately 4 minutes later.
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The ability to generate lower body explosive power is considered an important factor in many athletic activities. Thirty-one men and women, recreationally trained volunteers, were randomly assigned to 3 different groups (control, n = 10; VertiMax, n = 11; and depth jump, n = 10). A Vertec measuring device was used to test vertical jump height pre- and post-training. All subjects trained twice weekly for 6 weeks, performing approximately 140 jumps. The VertiMax group increased elastic resistance and decreased volume each week, while the depth jump group increased both box height and volume each week. The depth jump group significantly increased their vertical jump height (pre: 20.5 ± 3.98; post: 22.65 ± 4.09), while the VertiMax (pre: 22.18 ± 4.31; post: 23.36 ± 4.06) and control groups (pre: 15.65 ± 4.51; post: 15.85 ± 4.17) did not change. These findings suggest that, within the volume and intensity constraints of this study, depth jump training twice weekly for 6 weeks is more beneficial than VertiMax jump training for increasing vertical jump height. Strength professionals should focus on depth jump exercises in the short term over commercially available devices to improve vertical jump performance.
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The vertical jump is a functional activity for sports performance. Different devices can measure and calculate vertical jump. The Vertec utilizes a jump and reach method. The jump mats calculate jump height by measuring air time. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between these two types of vertical jump height measurements. Also, to examine the effect of gender, height and weight may have on these measurements. A jump mat and Vertec were utilized at the student health fair of a state University in Florida. Seventy-six college students and faculty (57 males and 19 females) participated in the vertical jump height measurements. Subjects had a mean age of 21.86 ( ± 6.39) years, mean weight of 163.11 ( ± 35.39) pounds, and mean height of 69.20 ( ± 3.88) inches. When measuring vertical jump, each of these two measurement techniques provided a significant correlation when examining height, weight and sex as variables. Each variable had a significant correlation. Weight alone did not have an effect on the Pearson correlation between the devices (860). Height and weight combined reduced the correlation to 735. When testing individuals with varying heights and weights, the correlation between the devices decreased. For test retest, the same type of vertical jump height measuring device is recommended.
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Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is an enhanced contractile response within the muscles due to prior voluntary activation that has the potential to be used as a warm-up strategy prior to short, high intensity activities. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two different drop jump heights on PAP as measured by subsequent vertical jump performance. Methods: 76 male and female NAIA collegiate athletes (19.9±0.2 yrs) completed three different testing session protocols. During the first session, the participants performed a pre-treatment vertical jump test and were familiarized with drop jumps. The second and final testing sessions included five drop jumps with rebound from an 18 and 30 inch box followed by a post-treatment vertical jump test. Three t-tests were performed in order to compare data from both treatments to the pre-treatment vertical jump data and the two treatments to each other. RESULTS: The mean pre-treatment vertical jump was 22.2±0.6 inches while the 18 inch treatment mean was 21.3±0.6 inches and the 30 inch treatment mean was 21.8±0.5 inches. Two-tailed t-tests comparing the vertical jump after the varying drop jump heights did not show any significant differences. Delta in vertical jump height between the two treatment groups were also examined, revealing no significant changes in jump height. CONCLUSION: Neither of the drop jump treatments were found to significantly influence vertical jump performance when compared to the pre-treatment vertical jump heights. Therefore, these results do not support the use of this volume of 18” or 30” drop jumps to induce PAP in collegiate level athletes.
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