An assay of sterigmatocystin and related metabolites of Aspergillus versicolor by high speed liquid chromatography.
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(1976). An Assay of Sterigmatocystin and Related Metabolites of Aspergillus versicolor by High Speed Liquid Chromatography. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 2099-2100.Keywords:
Sterigmatocystin
Aspergillus versicolor
Aspergillus versicolor
Sterigmatocystin
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Most aspergilli that produce aflatoxin are members of Aspergillus section Flavi, however isolates of several Aspergillus species not closely related to section Flavi also have been found to produce aflatoxin. Two of the species, Aspergillus ochraceoroseus and an undescribed Aspergillus species SRRC 1468, are morphologically similar to members of Aspergillus section Circumdati. The other species have Emericella teleomorphs (Em. astellata and an undescribed Emericella species SRRC 2520) and are morphologically distinctive in having ascospores with large flanges. All these aflatoxin-producing isolates were from tropical zones near oceans, and none of them grew on artificial media at 37 C. Aflatoxins and sterigmatocystin production were quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and confirmed by HPLC-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) detection. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted on these four species using A. parasiticus and Em. nidulans, (which produce aflatoxin and the aflatoxin precursor sterigmatocystin, respectively) for comparison. Two aflatoxin/sterigmatocystin biosynthesis genes and the beta tubulin gene were used in the analyses. Results showed that of the new aflatoxin-producers, Aspergillus SRRC 1468 forms a strongly supported clade with A. ochraceoroseus as does Emericella SRRC 2520 with Em. astellata SRRC 503 and 512.
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Aspergillus versicolor
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A number of species belonging to the genus Aspergillus were evaluated for their toxicity to ducklings and the ability to produce sterigmatocystin. Three new species capable of producing sterigmatocystin were found, namely, Aspergillus aurantio-brunneus, Aspergillus quadrilineatus, and Aspergillus ustus. All three were toxic to ducklings. The production of sterigmatocystin by Aspergillus rugulosus was confirmed, and the toxicity of Aspergillus stellatus and Aspergillus multicolor is described.
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Aspergillus nidulans
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Dampness in indoor environments may cause various health problems. The specific causative agent(s) are unknown but may originate from degradation processes in damp materials, microbial growth, or a combination of these phenomena. The health impact of dampness in buildings is a politically, legally, and economically important question. Scientists at the U.S. EPA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have estimated that the symptoms of 4.6 of the total of 21.8 million asthmatics in the USA are caused by indoor dampness and mold to an annual cost of 3.5 billion dollars. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by molds which may be e. g. cytotoxic (e. g. macrocyclic trichothecenes produced by Stachybotrys chartarum), genotoxic (e. g. sterigmatocystin and aflatoxins produced mainly by Aspergillus spp. including A. versicolor and A. flavus), or immunosuppressive and neurotoxic (e. g. gliotoxin produced by Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. e. g. A. fumigatus). Airborne mycotoxins have been demonstrated in water-damaged buildings using both ELISA and mass spectrometry. However, whether mycotoxins at the concentrations found in mold-damaged environments represent a health risk upon inhalation is not known. The mechanisms for mycotoxin uptake, metabolism, and interaction e. g. with other fungal constituents such as proteins and (1→3)-β-D-glucan (a fungal cell membrane constituent) are poorly understood. In this project analytical methods for the detection and determination of selected mycotoxins using GC-MS and HPLC-MS were developed. The methods were applied to 167 mold-contaminated building material samples, of which 67 % were mycotoxin positive. Thus, many molds not only posess the genetic capacity to produce mycotoxins but do it regularly in water damaged indoor environments. In addition, we demonstrated mycotoxins in dust settled in the breathing zone in indoor environments where severe mold-contamination was identified on building materials. We thereby confirm that mycotoxins on such materials can become airborne and thus inhalable. This project is an example of fruitful national and international inter-disciplinary collaboration between the building industry, companies specialized in remediation measures, and universities. (Less)
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Aspergillus versicolor
Gliotoxin
Citrinin
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The Aspergilli of the series Versicolores include several airborne species to which we are exposed daily. Most of them synthesise sterigmatocystin, a mycotoxin precursor of aflatoxins recognised as potentially carcinogenic for humans (group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Our objective was to study the potential role of these moulds in the synthesis of extrolites of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. A total of 124 isolates belonging to the eight species of the series Versicolores collected in French bioaerosols were studied: Aspergillus amoenus (n=1), Aspergillus creber (n=45), Aspergillus fructus (n=2), Aspergillus jensenii (n=39), Aspergillus protuberus (n=6), Aspergillus puulaauensis (n=5), Aspergillus sydowii (n=14) and Aspergillus tabacinus (n=2). All these isolates and a reference strain of each species were extracted using ethyl acetate acidified with 1% (v/v) acetic acid. In each extract, we screened for the following extrolites of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway by UPLC-HRMS: norsolorinic acid, versicolorin A, 6-demethylsterigmatocystin, sterigmatocystin, 8-O-methylsterigmatocystin, 5-methoxysterigmatocystin and aflatoxins B 1 , B 2 , G 1 and G 2 . All extrolites, except aflatoxins, were found variably among species. Sterigmatocystin was found in extracts of all eight Versicolores species, including A. sydowii and A. tabacinus whose ability to synthesise sterigmatocystin was questioned or unknown, respectively.
Sterigmatocystin
Aspergillus versicolor
Aspergillus parasiticus
Aspergillus nidulans
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(1976). An Assay of Sterigmatocystin and Related Metabolites of Aspergillus versicolor by High Speed Liquid Chromatography. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 2099-2100.
Sterigmatocystin
Aspergillus versicolor
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Sterigmatocystin
Aspergillus versicolor
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Most aspergilli that produce aflatoxin are members of Aspergillus section Flavi, however isolates of several Aspergillus species not closely related to section Flavi also have been found to produce aflatoxin. Two of the species, Aspergillus ochraceoroseus and an undescribed Aspergillus species SRRC 1468, are morphologically similar to members of Aspergillus section Circumdati. The other species have Emericella teleomorphs (Em. astellata and an undescribed Emericella species SRRC 2520) and are morphologically distinctive in having ascospores with large flanges. All these aflatoxin-producing isolates were from tropical zones near oceans, and none of them grew on artificial media at 37 C. Aflatoxins and sterigmatocystin production were quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and confirmed by HPLC-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) detection. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted on these four species using A. parasiticus and Em. nidulans, (which produce aflatoxin and the aflatoxin precursor sterigmatocystin, respectively) for comparison. Two aflatoxin/sterigmatocystin biosynthesis genes and the beta tubulin gene were used in the analyses. Results showed that of the new aflatoxin-producers, Aspergillus SRRC 1468 forms a strongly supported clade with A. ochraceoroseus as does Emericella SRRC 2520 with Em. astellata SRRC 503 and 512.
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Aspergillus parasiticus
Aspergillus versicolor
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Sterigmatocystin
Aspergillus versicolor
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Sterigmatocystin
Section (typography)
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