Effects of Tetrachlorobiphenyls on the Osmotic Fragility and Shape of Human Erythrocytes
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The effects of tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) isomers on the osmotic fragility and shape of human erythrocytes were examined. Low concentrations of 2, 3, 2', 3'-, 2, 4, 2', 4'-and 2, 5, 2', 5'-TCB protected erythrocytes from hypotonic hemolysis, but at high concentrations, these compounds greatly promoted hypotonic hemolysis. Along with the anti-hemolytic effect, the compounds caused alterations in cell shape that ranged from normal discocytes to cup-formed cells and to spherocytes. Thus, these compounds can be classified as cup-formers. The alterations in shape were brought about by conditions in which the membranes were protected from hypotonic hemolysis. The break point in the Arrhenius plot for hypotonic hemolysis was decreased by about 3°C when 2, 3, 2', 3'-TCB was added. Therefore, these compounds increase fluidity of the bilayer, which is clearly demonstrated by the ability of 2, 3, 2', 3'-TCB to lower the break point temperature, which enables it to protect erythrocytes from osmotic swelling. By contrast, 2, 6, 2', 6'-and 3, 4, 3', 4'-TCB neither protected erythrocytes from hypotonic hemolysis nor altered cell shape. The relation between these phenomena and chemical structure is discussed.Keywords:
Erythrocyte fragility
Echinocyte
Arrhenius plot
Red Cell
Osmotic concentration
Abstract The present study has examined the effect of elevated glucose levels on membrane lipid peroxidation and osmotic fragility in human red blood cells (RBC). Defibrinated whole blood or RBC were incubated with varying concentrations of glucose at 37 degrees C for 24 h. RBC incubated with elevated levels of glucose showed a significantly increased membrane lipid peroxidation when compared with control RBC. A significant positive correlation was observed between the extent of glucose-induced membrane lipid peroxidation and the osmotic fragility of treated RBC. Glucose-induced membrane lipid peroxidation and osmotic fragility were blocked when RBC were pretreated with fluoride, an inhibitor of glucose metabolism; with vitamin E, an antioxidant; with para-chloromercurobenzoate and metyrapone, inhibitors of the cytochrome P-450 system; or with dimethylfurane, diphenylamine, and thiourea, scavengers of oxygen radicals. RBC treated with elevated glucose concentrations also showed an increase in NADPH levels. Exogenous addition of NADPH to normal RBC lysate induced membrane lipid peroxidation similar to that observed in the glucose-treated RBC. These data suggest that elevated glucose levels can cause the peroxidation of membrane lipids in human RBC.
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Vitamins E and C were used for the enrichment of the fluid for blood preservation. Whole blood with added ACD solution and vitamins E and C was stored at 4 degrees C for 21 days. The performed determinations included: haematocrit, osmotic fragility of the erythrocytes, ATP and 2,3-DPG content in the erythrocytes, and echinocyte count. A protective effect of these vitamins on erythrocytes was manifested by the decreased osmotic fragility, the steep fall of 2,3-DPG compared with the blood preserved in the vitamin-free ACD solution.
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Litsea elliptica Blume leaves have been traditionally used as medicinal herbs because of its antimutagenicity,chemopreventative and insecticidal properties. In this study,the toxic effects of L. elliptica essential oil against Sprague-Dawley rat’s red blood cells (RBCs) were evaluated. L. elliptica essential oil was given by oral gavage 5 times per week for 3 treated groups in the doses of 125,250,and 500 mg/(kg body weight),respectively,and the control group received distilled water. Full blood count,RBC osmotic fragility,RBC morphological changes,and RBC membrane lipid were analyzed 28 d after the treatment. Although L. elliptica essential oil administration had significantly different effects on hemoglobin (Hb),mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC),mean cell volume (MCV),and mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) in the experimental groups as compared to the control group (P0.05),the values were still within the normal range. L. elliptica induced morphological changes of RBC into the form of echinocyte. The percentage of echinocyte increased significantly among the treated groups in a dose-response manner (P0.001). The concentrations of RBC membrane phospholipids and cholesterol of all treated groups were significantly lower than those of control group (P0.001). However,the RBC membrane osmotic fragility and total proteins of RBC membrane findings did not differ significantly between control and treated groups (P0.05). It is concluded that structural changes in the RBC membrane due to L. elliptica essential oil administration did not cause severe membrane damage.
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The form and surface architectonic of erythrocytes studied in 18 teenagers and men with hypertensive disease of I stage (HD) and in 7 men with symptomatic (renal) hypertension (SH). Simultaneously permeability of erythrocyte membranes for Na+ and K+ was studies. The change in the form and surface architectonics was found in the erythrocytes of the patients with hypertensive disease, I stage. The same was true for the patients with renal hypertension but the difference was not so prominent. Rapid shift of correlation of erythrocyte morphological varieties has been revealed during the study of Na+ and K+ ions' transport rate after the treatment by p-chloromercuribenzoate acid. Increase of irreversible transformation of erythrocytes was discovered in patients with HD. Besides in some cases there was decrease in the size of echinocytes. The transformation of erythrocytes into echinocytes is more prominent in healthy subjects and in patients with SH. Our data suggest that the change in erythrocyte form is related to the change of erythrocyte membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ ions and the alteration of membrane structure is the basis for these disturbances.
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Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the effects of the new generation of compounds ICHFANs, which have a combined antioxidant and acetylcholine esterase inhibitory effect on the surface architectonics of erythrocytes. The incorporation of each of the studied compounds with the positively charged quaternary ammonium in the erythrocyte membrane and their distribution in the itramembraneous space were accompanied by the formation of echinocytes, stomatocytes, and compensative effects on erythrocyte shape. The time-dependent morphological transformation of erythrocytes apparently is determined by changes in the distribution of the compounds between the outer and inner monolayers of the erythrocyte membrane. A difference in the morphological effects of compounds with different hydrophobic properties was revealed.
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The influence of various factors (pH, temperature, sodium gluconate) on the ionic strength-dependent stomatocyte-discocyte-echinocyte transformation of the human erythrocyte membrane was investigated. The results give further evidence for a correlation between shape of erythrocyte membrane and the transmembrane potential of the cells.
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The effects of tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) isomers on the osmotic fragility and shape of human erythrocytes were examined. Low concentrations of 2, 3, 2', 3'-, 2, 4, 2', 4'-and 2, 5, 2', 5'-TCB protected erythrocytes from hypotonic hemolysis, but at high concentrations, these compounds greatly promoted hypotonic hemolysis. Along with the anti-hemolytic effect, the compounds caused alterations in cell shape that ranged from normal discocytes to cup-formed cells and to spherocytes. Thus, these compounds can be classified as cup-formers. The alterations in shape were brought about by conditions in which the membranes were protected from hypotonic hemolysis. The break point in the Arrhenius plot for hypotonic hemolysis was decreased by about 3°C when 2, 3, 2', 3'-TCB was added. Therefore, these compounds increase fluidity of the bilayer, which is clearly demonstrated by the ability of 2, 3, 2', 3'-TCB to lower the break point temperature, which enables it to protect erythrocytes from osmotic swelling. By contrast, 2, 6, 2', 6'-and 3, 4, 3', 4'-TCB neither protected erythrocytes from hypotonic hemolysis nor altered cell shape. The relation between these phenomena and chemical structure is discussed.
Erythrocyte fragility
Echinocyte
Arrhenius plot
Red Cell
Osmotic concentration
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Erythrocyte fragility
Distilled water
Blood cell
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