Dormant Buds and Adventitious Root Formation by Vitis and Other Woody Plants
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Cutting
Cane
Transplanting
Root system
Plant Physiology
Abstract The effects of time of cane initiation and the presence of fruit during cane development on production the following season was studied in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson ‘Hayward'). Canes initiated early in the season (before 1 December) were compared with those initiated late in the season (after 1 December). Early initiated canes (separated into those that carried/did not carry fruit during development), and late initiated canes were compared to separate the effects of time of initiation and the presence of fruit. There was no effect of time of cane initiation on budbreak or the proportion of shoots that flowered in the following season. Shoots that developed on early initiated canes were larger and more fruitful than those that developed on late initiated canes. Though late initiated canes produced a greater number of shoots than early initiated canes, the productivity of these shoots was lower, and so cane productivity (per unit length) was similar. Early initiated canes that carried fruit during their development were shorter and produced less fruit the following season than those canes that did not carry fruit during their development, but productivity per unit cane length was similar. Consequently kiwifruit growers should retain early initiated canes during winter pruning and optimise the number of buds laid down per square metre, ignoring their fruiting history.
Cane
Actinidia deliciosa
Pruning
Growing season
Actinidia chinensis
Harvest season
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Computer assisted thermal analysis was used to measure deep supercooling in dormant bud and cane tissue of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot during a five-week deacclimation period. The weekly low temperature exotherm (LTE), an indicator of hardiness, of both cane (internode) and primary bud tissue, responded to increases in air temperatures, with bud tissue responding faster than cane tissue. Bud tissue from pruned and unpruned canes retained the capacity to supercool until early bud swell. Cane tissue had lower LTEs than bud tissue on each date and was able to supercool past the time of bud swell. Pruning treatments did not influence the loss of hardiness in either bud or cane tissue. Water content of canes was more affected by all three factors (date, position, and pruning) than was hardiness. Bud water content was lower than cane water content for every date and each position throughout the study. Cane water content increased with distance from the trunk. Observations during the three weeks before bud swell indicate that cane tissue hydrates rapidly but dehardens only slowly, while buds deharden more quickly and yet have only a small increase in bulk water content. Pruning slowed the rate of cane hydration during the week it was most rapid, especially at the most distal position.
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Hardiness (plants)
Pruning
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Experiments on utilization of the paper pots in planting the tea cuttings were carried out to reduce the transplant damages. Being planted in the paper pots, the cuttings rooted well and developed into good saplings to reduce the transplant damages. Transplanting the saplings in the tea field, it was better to plant the paper pots with them. Planting the cuttings in summer and transplanting them in the next spring, it was better to use 10 cm paper pots (in diameter).The cuttings planted in the paper pots in summer could be transplanted in autumn, and also those planted in autumn could be trans-planted in the next spring, the latter being practical and it being good to use 7.5 cm paper pot in this case.Using 10 cm paper pots in summer, two, two or three, and three cuttings with four, three, and two leaves respectively could be planted in a paper pot, and they developed into good saplings and good plants after transplanting. Planting the cuttings in 10 cm paper. pots, soil mixed CDU (70 g/m2) was better .used to develop them well. From the above experiments it was found that the period in the cutting nursery was shortened using the paper pots.
Transplanting
Cutting
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Abstract In southern Italy (Bari, lat. 41°07′) mature kiwifruit vines (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson cv. Hayward) on pergolas were subjected to different winter pruning treatments over 3 consecutive years (1986–88) in order to study the effects of cane length on vegetative and reproductive behaviour. Three treatments were achieved by pruning canes to 6, 12, and 18 buds, and cane numbers were adjusted to leave the same number of buds (400 ± 30) on each vine. The data collected showed that: (1) the mean percentage budbreak decreased as cane length increased; (2) the budbreak period in plants with short canes was 8.7 days, whereas with long canes it was 3.7 days; (3) the number of fruits per winter bud ranged from 1.5 (canes with 6 buds) to 2.6 (canes with 12 buds); (4) the mean fruit weight was 92.9 g in plants with short canes (6 buds each), 88.5 g in plants with 12 buds/cane, and 81.5 g in those with 18 buds/cane; (5) at winter pruning the mean weight of woody material removed from the plants decreased as the length of cane increased; (6) the shoot length at the end of the season was greater in vines with 12-bud canes than in ones with 6- or 18- bud canes. It was concluded that 12-bud pruning gave the best compromise for vine performance.
Cane
Actinidia deliciosa
Pruning
Vine
Vegetative reproduction
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Summary Soil characteristics have a major influence on root growth and development. On dense soils, such as those found on many urban sites, root systems are very shallow and widespread. Less than 5 percent of the root system is typically transplanted with the tree. Replacement roots originate from the callus formed near the cut surface. Initially many small roots are produced but often a single root becomes dominant and "replaces" the root severed during transplanting. At all times, the crown of the tree must be balanced with its root system. When the root system is reduced as a result of transplanting, twig growth is also reduced. As the root system is replaced, equilibrium is restored, resulting in restoration of top growth vigour.
Transplanting
Root system
Root (linguistics)
Tree (set theory)
Fibrous root system
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Abstract Stem cuttings of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were rooted in a greenhouse and then scored for the number of roots per rooted cutting, the number of vertically oriented roots per rooted cutting, and symmetry of the arrangement of adventitious roots on the lower stem. Rooted cuttings were transplanted to a nursery bed, grown for 7 months, lifted and rescored, transplanted to a field location, and then measured after 1 yr in the field. Shoot height after the rooting period was correlated weakly with the number of roots per rooted cutting, but not with the number of vertical roots or root system symmetry. Nursery culture slightly reduced the number of roots per cutting and root system symmetry. Root orientation changed dramatically as roots elongated, with 94% of all roots scored as vertical after nursery growth. Shoot height after the period of nursery growth was still correlated weakly with root number, but not with the number of vertical roots. Rooted cuttings with symmetrical root systems were slightly taller than cuttings with asymmetrical root systems after growth in the nursery. After 1 yr in the field, shoot height was no longer correlated with root number. On average, cuttings with symmetrical root systems were only 2 mm taller than cuttings with asymmetrical root systems. These early growth data suggest it is not beneficial to impose culling criteria for cuttings rooted in a greenhouse and transplanted to a nursery based on the root system architecture at the time of rooting. However, growth and stability of rooted cuttings over a longer time period must be assessed. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4): 231-234.
Cutting
Root system
Vegetative reproduction
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Cutting
Diospyros
Vegetative reproduction
Primordium
Apical dominance
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In sugarcane, high density sugarcane transplanting (HDST) is done using 55,556 plantlets or settlings/ha by transplanting of the settlings raised in the nursery at narrow spacing (60 x 30 cm). Adaptation of HDST not only reduce the cost of sugarcane production but also improve number of millable canes, cane yield in plant as well as ratoon crop with higher net returns and profitability in Sub Tropical Zone of India.
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Cane
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Summary Bud break in protected Northern European raspberry crops is often poor and uneven with many of the sub‐apical buds remaining in a dormant state. In order to improve bud break and therefore yields, the mechanism controlling bud dormancy must be determined. Canes of the biennial cultivar ‘Glen Moy’ were forced as isolated single nodes, trisections, or as intact canes after different lengths of cold storage chill unit (CU) accumulation in order to determine whether the buds were in an endodormant or paradormant state. The results showed that buds on the lower parts of the intact canes remained in a dormant state long after buds from higher up the intact cane and also the single nodes from all parts of the cane had emerged from the deepest phase of endodormancy. This would imply that these buds were being held in a paradormant state until large amounts of chilling units (>1000 CU) had been accumulated. The trisected cane portions revealed almost no significant differences in bud break levels throughout the experiment when compared with the single nodes. This suggests that removal of the apical part of the cane would be effective in improving bud break by reducing the paradormant condition. A period of secondary dormancy was also observed in the intact canes which may also exacerbate the poor bud break observed in protected crops. This was not seen in the single nodes or the trisected canes which indicates that treatments which reduce paradormancy may also minimise the risk of secondary dormancy. By identifying the phase of bud dormancy which causes poor bud break, attention can now be focused on methods which overcome paradormancy in protected crops. Such methods might include tipping (removal of the cane apex), horizontal training methods, more efficient chilling methods, and chemical treatments.
Cane
Rubus
Blowing a raspberry
Chilling Requirement
Bud
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Background and Aims: Traditionally, the start of cane pruning is delayed until after leaf fall, when carbohydrate accumulation and cane maturity are complete. However, by starting immediately after harvest, the period for pruning may be increased by at least 4 weeks, reducing peak labour demands. Trials were conducted to investigate the consequences of various pruning times on vine phenology and yield. Methods and Results: Vines were pruned using 2- or 4-canes at one of four times during the winter from shortly after harvest to just before bud break in the spring. Pruning shortly after harvest caused no significant adverse effects on vine phenology or productivity. Pruning just before bud break delayed vine development. Stored total carbohydrate concentrations in the trunk were unaffected by pruning time or cane number retained after pruning. Conclusions: Carbohydrates accumulated in the trunks of grapevines to adequate levels by harvest and any post-harvest photosynthesis and/or cane maturation that may be occurring at this time had little effect on subsequent vine growth and development. Pruning shortly before bud break delayed bud break and may be an advantage where vines are at risk to spring frosts. Significance of Study: In cool climates where leaves senesce shortly after harvest, pruning immediately after harvest will have no adverse effects on subsequent vine phenology or yield, but will extend the period available to prune the vines, reducing the peak labour demand in the vineyard. Pruning late, slightly delays bud break potentially providing greater tolerance to late spring frosts.
Vine
Cane
Pruning
Vineyard
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Citations (21)