Interaction of endodormancy and paradormancy in raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)
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Summary Bud break in protected Northern European raspberry crops is often poor and uneven with many of the sub‐apical buds remaining in a dormant state. In order to improve bud break and therefore yields, the mechanism controlling bud dormancy must be determined. Canes of the biennial cultivar ‘Glen Moy’ were forced as isolated single nodes, trisections, or as intact canes after different lengths of cold storage chill unit (CU) accumulation in order to determine whether the buds were in an endodormant or paradormant state. The results showed that buds on the lower parts of the intact canes remained in a dormant state long after buds from higher up the intact cane and also the single nodes from all parts of the cane had emerged from the deepest phase of endodormancy. This would imply that these buds were being held in a paradormant state until large amounts of chilling units (>1000 CU) had been accumulated. The trisected cane portions revealed almost no significant differences in bud break levels throughout the experiment when compared with the single nodes. This suggests that removal of the apical part of the cane would be effective in improving bud break by reducing the paradormant condition. A period of secondary dormancy was also observed in the intact canes which may also exacerbate the poor bud break observed in protected crops. This was not seen in the single nodes or the trisected canes which indicates that treatments which reduce paradormancy may also minimise the risk of secondary dormancy. By identifying the phase of bud dormancy which causes poor bud break, attention can now be focused on methods which overcome paradormancy in protected crops. Such methods might include tipping (removal of the cane apex), horizontal training methods, more efficient chilling methods, and chemical treatments.Keywords:
Cane
Rubus
Blowing a raspberry
Chilling Requirement
Bud
Abstract Cultivars of rabbiteye blueberry ( Vaccinium ashei Reade) differed in cold requirements for bud break. ‘Woodard’ and ‘Tifblue’ plants required 400 and 600 hr, respectively, of constant chilling (6-7°C) for normal flowering. Two hundred and 400 hr of chilling, respectively, were insufficient for bud break. Additional chilling increased the amount and rate of bud break. Defoliation hastened vegetative bud break but did not affect flower buds.
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A study was initiated in November, 2002 to determine the effects of exposing two Southern Highbush blueberries ( Vaccinium corybosum L) to artificial chilling hours on initiation of bud break and advancement of floral and vegetative bud maturity. Plants of `Jubilee' and `Misty' were divided into 2 groups in which one was left outdoors, allowing chilling to occur and accumulate naturally, while the other group was placed in a growth chamber set at a constant artificial temperature of 4 °C. Five plants of each cultivar were then placed into a heated greenhouse after 0, 200, 400, 600, or 800 hours of chilling (total hours of exposure to <5 °C) had accumulated for forcing of flower bud development. The progression of floral bud development of the terminal three buds on five tagged stems was observed at 7-10 day intervals for 30 days. At the end of the forcing period observations were also made on total percent vegetative and floral bud break. Prior to accumulating sufficient chilling requirements, chilling delivery method did not appear to influence the rate of floral bud development since none advanced past stage 3 regardless of chilling regime used. However after chilling requirements were met, flower buds of plants that were allowed to chill naturally developed more quickly than did those chilled by artificial means.
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Abstract In deciduous fruit trees, entrance into dormancy occurs in later summer/fall, concomitantly with the shortening of day length and decrease in temperature. Dormancy can be divided into endodormancy, ecodormancy and paradormancy. In Prunus species flower buds, entrance into the dormant stage occurs when the apical meristem is partially differentiated; during dormancy, flower verticils continue their growth and differentiation. Each species and/or cultivar requires exposure to low winter temperature followed by warm temperatures, quantified as chilling and heat requirements, to remove the physiological blocks that inhibit budburst. A comprehensive meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies on flower buds of sweet cherry, apricot and peach was conducted, by investigating the gene expression profiles during bud endo- to ecodormancy transition in genotypes differing in chilling requirements. Conserved and distinctive expression patterns were observed, allowing the identification of gene specifically associated with endodormancy or ecodormancy. In addition to the MADS-box transcription factor family, hormone-related genes, chromatin modifiers, macro- and micro-gametogenesis related genes and environmental integrators, were identified as novel biomarker candidates for flower bud development during winter in stone fruits. In parallel, flower bud differentiation processes were associated to dormancy progression and termination and to environmental factors triggering dormancy phase-specific gene expression.
Chilling Requirement
Vernalization
Bud
Apical dominance
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Budsticks from 3 rabbiteye blueberry cultivars (‘Baldwin,’ ‘Brightwell,’ and ‘Tifblue’) and 2 highbush blueberry cultivars (TH-275 and ‘Georgiagem’) were subjected to 0 to 650 hrs at 4.4 °C (40°F) to determine the effects of accumulated chilling on terminal flower bud growth and rooting ability. The cultivar X chilling hours interaction was significant for both flower bud growth and rooting ability. The 2 highbush cultivars had wider flower buds than the 3 rabbiteye cultivars. ‘Baldwin’ and ‘Georgiagem’ produced the best overall root systems. Chilling requirements ranged from 350 to 550 hr for the rabbiteye cultivars and 350 to 450 hr for the highbush. Except for rooting score of clone TH-275, the functional relationships between flower bud width or rooting score and chilling hours were non-linear. In general, chilling hours enhanced the growth of terminal flower buds and increased the rooting ability.
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SUMMARY The distribution of distinct isolates of raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) in Rubus in England was studied. Isolates similar in Rubus host range to the Scottish type isolate (D200) were largely confined to the old red raspberry ( Rubus idaeus ) cv. Norfolk Giant, but were also encountered in a single plant of an unidentified raspberry cultivar and in a clump of wild R. idaeus. Outside East Mailing Research Station (EMRS) RBDV isolates with wider Rubus host ranges than that of the type isolate were found only and exclusively in hybrid berries (Loganberry, clones LY59 and L654, and Tayberry) in which infection ranged from < 1% to 100%. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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Exposure of the cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cult McFarlin to an accumulation of chilling temperatures below 7 C was required to break dormancy of the terminal bud. Dormant mixed-terminal buds that were not exposed to chilling temperatures did not initiate new growth even under long photoperiods. The number of days to bud break after termination of the chilling treatments was reduced as the length of the chilling treatments was increased. Rate of growth and final shoot length were also affected, but were more dependent on postchilling conditions than on the length of chilling. Chilling periods of 100 days or more were required for the induction of floral development. Chilling for less than 100 days usually resulted in vegetative growth only. Bud break after 125 days of chilling was more rapid when cyclic chilling conditions included a period of approximately 10 C during the day. The floral primordia of terminal buds in the field recommenced development in late February or early March and were well differentiated by the end of April.
Primordium
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Tiller (botany)
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Apical dominance
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SummarySummaryCold hardiness and the chilling requirements for breaking bud dormancy in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) were studied by exposing dormant plants and severed shoots of the cultivars ‘Glen Ample’ and ‘Asker’ to temperatures ranging from +10ºC to –20ºC for periods of 7 – 21 weeks. Temperatures in the +5ºC to –5ºC range were optimal for breaking bud dormancy and the promotion of flower development across all chilling periods, while +10ºC and –10ºC were outside the optimum chilling temperature range. The effect of the various temperatures varied with the duration of the chilling period. However, even at optimal chilling temperatures, both bud burst and flowering were promoted and advanced in both cultivars by sustained chilling for up to 21 weeks. Experiments with intact potted plants and severed canes of ‘Glen Ample’ produced almost identical dormancy-breaking results. Neither plants nor severed canes of ‘Glen Ample’ survived storage at –10ºC or –20ºC, whereas canes of ‘Asker’ survived at –10ºC.We therefore conclude that 20 or more weeks of chilling at near-freezing temperatures are required for full dormancy release and the promotion of flowering along the entire length of the raspberry cane, which is a pre-requisite for large fruit yields. Therefore, erratic bud break and less consistent fruit yields may be expected in raspberry crops in the wake of ongoing climatic warming with declining winter chill.
Rubus
Blowing a raspberry
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Flower bud differentiation and number of blueberry were studied in different ecological conditions.The result showed that annual average temperature,cumulative temperature and frost-free period were the main factors,and the progress tendency of flower bud differentiation of four blueberry cultivars in the three ecosystem were the same in different regions.The expression is that the flower bud differentiation of Shandong was the earliest,then Liaoning,and Jilin was the latest. Moreover,highbush blueberry flower bud differentiation needed a long frostfree period and high accumulative temperature.The ecological conditions in Jilin could not satisfy the needs of flower bud differentiation for highbush blueberry,so the flower bud differentiation of highbush blueberry could not be completed in one year.Phenological period of lowbush blueberry Blomidon was the earliest,and growth period was much shorter.The phenomenon of two times′ blossoms appeared in Liaoning and Shandong because of high accumulative temperature and long frost-free period.
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Frost (temperature)
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Abstract In deciduous fruit trees, entrance into dormancy occurs in later summer/fall, concomitantly with the shortening of day length and decrease in temperature. Dormancy can be divided into endodormancy, ecodormancy and paradormancy. In Prunus species flower buds, entrance into the dormant stage occurs when the apical meristem is partially differentiated; during dormancy, flower verticils continue their growth and differentiation. Each species and/or cultivar requires exposure to low winter temperature followed by warm temperatures, quantified as chilling and heat requirements, to remove the physiological blocks that inhibit budburst. A comprehensive meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies on flower buds of sweet cherry, apricot and peach was conducted, by investigating the gene expression profiles during bud endo- to ecodormancy transition in genotypes differing in chilling requirements. Conserved and distinctive expression patterns were observed, allowing the identification of gene specifically associated with endodormancy or ecodormancy. In addition to the MADS-box transcription factor family, hormone-related genes, chromatin modifiers, macro- and micro-gametogenesis related genes and environmental integrators, were identified as novel biomarker candidates for flower bud development during winter in stone fruits. In parallel, flower bud differentiation processes were associated to dormancy progression and termination and to environmental factors triggering dormancy phase-specific gene expression.
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Vernalization
Bud
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