Effects of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency on Periodontal Tissue Adaptation to Spontaneous Tooth Migration
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Periodontal fiber
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Bone remodeling
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
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Bone remodeling
Monocyte
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Periodontal fiber
Basal (medicine)
Bone cell
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In osteoprotegerin-deficient (OPG−/−) mice, osteoclast activity causes bone resorption to outpace bone formation, leading to the development of severe osteoporosis. Such mice are therefore useful for investigating the alveolar bone of patients with osteoporosis. Reveromycin A (RM-A) was recently identified as the unique agent acting on osteoclast activation. This study aimed to analyze the effect of RM-A on the orthodontic treatment of OPG−/− mice (a model of osteoporosis patients with high levels of bone turnover). We examined alveolar bone remodeling in OPG−/− and wild-type (WT) mice during continuous tooth movement. The orthodontic force was induced by means of a Ni-Ti closed-coil spring to move the maxillary first molar for 14 days. RM-A sodium salt (1 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally twice daily. In OPG−/− mice, the tooth movement distance was longer, alveolar bone resorption was enhanced, the osteoclast count was greater, and serum alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels were higher relative to those in WT mice. However, the administration of RM-A in OPG−/− mice reduced these parameters. We conclude that RM-A normalizes bone metabolism and loss of alveolar bone during continuous tooth movement in OPG−/− mice.
Bone remodeling
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
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Periodontal fiber
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Bone remodeling
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Avulsed teeth should be immediately replanted into the socket or otherwise kept in a physiologic storage medium to maintain periodontal ligament cell viability. A previous study has demonstrated that Thai propolis extract can maintain viability of human periodontal ligament cells. However, root resorption by osteoclasts often occurs when the avulsed teeth are replanted. The aim of this study was to determine the inhibitory effect of Thai propolis extract on human osteoclastogenesis in vitro.
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Objective To evaluate the effects of osteoblast(OB) and osteoclast(OC) on the bone remodeling of osteogenesis imperfecta(OI) adopting osteoclast-calvaria co-culture system in vitro on oim/oim(OI) mouse model.Methods Wild(WT) and OI mice were used and compared in this study.OC cells were cultured in calvaria(CAL) in vitro for WT(WTCAL-WTOC group) and OI mice(OICAL-OIOC group) respectively.Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP) staining and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) staining were used to identify OCs and OBs respectively.Bone resorption of OCs was assessed by the area percentage of absorption lacunam,which is the rate of OCs number to the whole calvarial surfaces.Results At the culturing time of d7,the number of OCs and OC/OB rate of group OICAL-OIOC were significantly lower than that of group WTCAL-WTOC.However,the OCs number normalized to resorption pit number was significantly greater in group OICAl-OIOC compared to that of WTCAl-WTOC group.Conclusions The mechanism of the increased OCs function is partially due to the increased bone turnover in OI mice model for the compensation of decreased OBs function.
Calvaria
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Bone remodeling
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Previous studies revealed that cementum formation is tightly regulated by inorganic pyrophosphate (PP i ), a mineralization inhibitor. Local PP i concentrations are determined by regulators, including ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), which increases PP i concentrations by adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis. Orthodontic forces stimulate alveolar bone remodelling, leading to orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). To better understand how disturbed mineral metabolism and the resulting altered periodontal structures affect OTM, we employed Enpp1 mutant mice that feature reduced PP i and increased cervical cementum in a model of OTM induced by a stretched closed-coil spring ligated between the maxillary left first molar and maxillary incisors. We analyzed tooth movement, osteoclast/odontoclast response, and tooth root resorption by micro–computed tomography, histology, histomorphometry, and immunohistochemistry. Preoperatively, we noted an altered periodontium in Enpp1 mutant mice, with significantly increased periodontal ligament (PDL) volume and thickness, as well as increased PDL-bone/tooth root surface area, compared to wild-type (WT) controls. After 11 d of orthodontic treatment, Enpp1 mutant mice displayed 38% reduced tooth movement versus WT mice. Molar roots in Enpp1 mutant mice exhibited less change in PDL width in compression and tension zones compared to WT mice. Root resorption was noted in both groups with no difference in average depths, but resorption lacunae in Enpp1 mutant mice were almost entirely limited to cementum, with 150% increased cementum resorption and 92% decreased dentin resorption. Osteoclast/odontoclast cells were reduced by 64% in Enpp1 mutant mice, with a predominance of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)–positive cells on root surfaces, compared to WT mice. Increased numbers of TRAP-positive cells on root surfaces were associated with robust immunolocalization of osteopontin (OPN) and receptor-activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Collectively, reduced response to orthodontic forces, decreased tooth movement, and altered osteoclast/odontoclast distribution suggests Enpp1 loss of function has direct effects on clastic function/recruitment and/or indirect effects on periodontal remodeling via altered periodontal structure or tissue mineralization.
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Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells deriving from the monocyte/macrophage haematopoietic lineage. They contain large amount of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase and cathepsin K and play an important role in resorption of mineralized tissues such as bone and dentine. The resorption capabilities by osteoclasts are thought to be associated with several oral diseases such as periodontitis, periapical periodontitis, peri-implantitis and osteoporosis. Osteoclast size is one of the key evaluating parameters of osteoclast resorption activities. Findings of osteoclast size regulation research may provide a novel breakthrough for the treatment of bone resorption disorder diseases. This article summarized and reviewed the previous relevant experiments and studies of osteoclast size regulation and its mechanism.
Cathepsin K
Multinucleate
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Monocyte
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Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) has been used as a cytochemical marker for the cell mediators of bone resorption, osteoclasts and their mononuclear precursors. We have applied a cytochemical method for TRAP to study the dependence of the osteoclast-mediated bone resorption of tooth eruption on the dental follicle, a connective tissue investment of the developing tooth, by analyzing the TRAP activity of mononuclear cells in the dental follicle before and during pre-molar eruption in dogs. The percentage of TRAP-positive monocyte cells increases until mid-eruption, slightly preceding a previously demonstrated rise in numbers of osteoclasts on adjacent bone surfaces. These data suggest an ontogenetic relationship between follicular mononuclear cells and osteoclasts on adjacent alveolar bone surfaces during tooth eruption. However, because TRAP occurs in other tissues and is not an exclusive indicator of pre-osteoclasts, proof of their relationship will have to await application of more definitive techniques.
Dental follicle
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Periodontal fiber
Tooth eruption
Multinucleate
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