Allergic conjunctivitis related to cat and dog dander
Diamantis AlmaliotisPavlos MichailopoulosPaschalina GioulekaD. GioulekasE NakosEleftheria XanthopoulouVasileios Karampatakis
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Abstract Purpose A retrospective study on the prevalence of sensitization to cat and dog dander in patients with allergic conjunctivitis. Methods 284 patients with allergic conjunctivitis (124 males‐160 females), with age from 18 to 70 years old (mean age: 42.30 for males, 41.35 for females), underwent skin prick tests (SPTs) to cat and dog dander according to current guidelines. Results The results showed that more frequent allergens (positive SPTs) were cat dander 67/284 (23.59%), while dog dander showed lower positivity rates 44/284 (15.49%). As regards gender, 33 from 67 patients with positivity to cat dander were males and 34 were females. The numbers for sensitivity to dog dander were 20 males and the rest 24 females, indicating no sex predilection. Conclusion Symptoms and signs of ocular allergy are very common and may be related to sensitization to cat and dog dander among other factors. The patients with allergic conjunctivitis included in our study tended to have positivity to cat rather to dog dander. No sex predilection was observed.Keywords:
Dander
Allergic conjunctivitis
The use of molecular allergology has increasingly become common in the diagnosis and management of allergic diseases. However, there is still a lack of data on cat molecular allergens in adults. Therefore, we aimed to uncover the sensitization patterns to cat molecular allergens.
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<i>Background:</i> Rabbits as pets are becoming popular in Italy, but few data are available on sensitization to rabbits in patients without occupational exposure. In a multicentre study, we assessed the prevalence of rabbit sensitization in atopic subjects and their modality of exposure. <i>Methods:</i> Allergists from the whole country were required to assess the presence of skin prick test positivity to rabbits in about 100 consecutive patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. In the rabbit-positive patients, clinical history, pet ownership and modality of exposure were assessed. <i>Results:</i> Skin tests were performed on 2,329 outpatients, of whom 1,602 had at least one positivity. Among them, 39 (2.43%) were sensitized to rabbit dander (4 monosensitized). The prevalence of sensitization ranged between 0.65 and 4.72%. Nineteen patients reported direct rabbit contact (10 for ownership and 9 for occasional contact) and 5 patients only indirect exposure through the contact with rabbit owners. Fifteen subjects denied any direct or indirect exposure. All the monosensitized patients were rabbit owners and had persistent (moderate-severe) respiratory symptoms. <i>Conclusions:</i> Sensitization to rabbit in Italy is not to be neglected. In atopic subjects without occupational exposure, contact and indirect exposure to rabbits may induce sensitization. A progressive increase in rabbit sensitization is expected in the future as consequence of the increased rabbit ownership.
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Objective:To explore the sensitization feature of cat and dog dander and time trend in northern region. Methods:During year 2017 to year 2019, subjects with self-reported allergic diseases received skin prick test for cat and dog dander allergen. Skin index（SI） ≥2+ was considered as positive SPT. SI2+ was defined as mild sensitization, SI3+ was defined as moderate sensitization while SI4+ was defined as severe sensitization. The age and gender difference of sensitization rate between cat and dog dander allergen was analyzed. Meanwhile, the trend of cat and dog dander sensitization rate was analyzed. Results:Overall, 16 426 subjects were enrolled in this study. ① The sensitization rate of cat dander was significantly higher than dog dander（11.8% vs 6.0%, P<0.001）. Severe sensitization rate of cat dander was significantly higher than dog dander（5.9% vs 1.7%, P<0.001） while there was no significant difference of mild sensitization rate. ②Sensitization age of cat dander was younger than dog dander（P<0.001）. Sensitization rate of cat and dog dander was higher in subjects ≤18y compared with those >18y（20.2% vs 10.9%, P<0.001; 8.1% vs 5.7%, P<0, 001）. The highest sensitization rate was presented in 13-18y age group（27.3% vs 9.9%, P<0.001）, following by 7-12y age group（26.0% vs 9.2%, P<0.001）. Sensitization rate of cat dander was higher in male than in female（13.7% vs 10.7%, P<0.001） while no gender difference was observed in dog dander sensitization（6.2% vs 5.8%, P=0.411）. ③595 subjects（3.6%） were both sensitized to cat and dog dander while 1733 subjects（10.6%） were sensitized either to cat or dog dander. Single sensitization rate of cat dander was higher than single sensitization rate of dog dander（8.2% vs 2.3%, P<0.001）. There was a positive correlation between the cat and dog dander sensitization rate（r=0.386, P<0.001）. ④During 2017-2019, the sensitization rate of cat dander increased but without significantly statistic difference while dog dander sensitization rate was descending from 7.4% to 4.6% significantly（χ²=38.298, P<0.001）. Conclusion:Cat dander sensitization rate was higher than dog dander with a peak age in adolescence. A trend of rising for cat dander allergy and descending for dog dander allergy was observed during the past three years.目的：探讨北方地区猫狗毛皮屑的致敏特点及变化趋势。 方法：采用皮肤点刺试验（SPT）对2017－2019年自报过敏性疾病患者进行猫狗毛皮屑过敏原检测。皮肤指数（SI）2+及以上判断为SPT阳性，其中SI2+为轻度致敏，SI3+为中度致敏，SI4+为重度致敏。分析猫狗毛皮屑致敏率差异，比较不同性别、年龄间猫狗毛皮屑致敏率差异，分析猫狗毛皮屑致敏率随时间的变化趋势。 结果：16 426例2~86岁的过敏性疾病患者完成SPT，并纳入研究。①猫毛皮屑致敏率显著高于狗毛皮屑（11.8% vs 6.0%，P<0.001）；猫毛皮屑重度致敏率显著高于狗毛皮屑（5.9% vs 1.7%，P<0.001），而二者的轻度致敏率无显著差异。②猫毛皮屑致敏患者的年龄显著低于狗毛皮屑（P<0.001）；未成年人猫狗毛皮屑致敏率均显著高于成年人（20.2% vs 10.9%，P<0.001；8.1% vs 5.7%，P<0.001）；13~18岁组猫狗毛皮屑的致敏率最高（27.3% vs 9.9%，P<0.001），其次为7~12岁组（26.0% vs 9.2%，P<0.001）；男性猫毛皮屑的致敏率显著高于女性（13.7% vs 10.7%，P<0.001），而狗毛皮屑的致敏率未见显著性别差异（6.2% vs 5.8%，P=0.411）。③595例（3.6%）患者对猫狗毛皮屑共同致敏，1733例（10.6%）对猫毛或狗毛皮屑过敏；单一猫毛皮屑致敏率高于单一狗毛皮屑（8.2% vs 2.3%，P<0.001）；猫狗毛皮屑致敏率具有相关性（r=0.386，P<0.001）。④2017－2019三年间，狗毛皮屑致敏率由7.4%下降为4.6%，变化趋势具有统计学意义（χ²=38.298，P<0.001）；而猫皮屑致敏率变化趋势不显著，但2019年较2017和2018年仍呈上升趋势。 结论：猫毛皮屑致敏率更高，且以重度致敏为主；猫狗毛皮屑致敏高峰年龄为青少年。随着时间变化，猫毛皮屑致敏率逐渐上升，狗毛皮屑致敏率逐年下降。.
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An important dog-hair and dander-specific allergen Ag13 has been purified by means of immunoaffinity chromatography utilizing rabbit antibody specific for Ag13. Purity was judged to be very high as detected by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and SDS-PAGE. The purified allergen was subjected to amino acid analyses. Molecular weight was about 22 kD in HPLC-gel filtration and 25 kD in SDS-PAGE with an additional band at 18 kD. In vitro IgE binding of the allergen was investigated by luminescence immunoassay (LIA) inhibition. Removal of Ag13 from dog hair and dander extract (DHD) removed 50 +/- 1.5% of the IgE binding capacity. The purified allergen inhibited up to 56.5% of the IgE activity to DHD as measured with a pool of serum from dog-allergic patients. Out of 26 dog-allergic patients, 24 had a positive skin-prick test to the allergen. Out of 23 dog-allergic patients, 16 reacted with the allergen in IgE immunoblotting. We suggest that Ag13 be termed Can f I. The allergen will be a marker allergen for environmental dog hair and dander exposure.
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Sensitization to house dust mites (HDM) is highly prevalent among the young atopic population in Singapore. Previously published data suggest that individuals with skin allergies show preferred sensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus while individuals with pure respiratory allergies show preferred sensitization to Blomia tropicalis. The aim of our study was to compare the sensitization profiles between children with asthma and those with eczema to D. pteronyssinus and B. tropicalis and their specific allergens. A total of 60 children, 30 with asthma and 30 with eczema were recruited. IgE levels specific for a panel of HDM allergens from the two mite species were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The asthma group showed highest sensitization to Blo t5 while the eczema group showed highest sensitization to Der p5. Comparison between the two disease groups showed that the eczema group had significantly higher IgE levels for Der p (p = 0.042) and its allergens Der p1 (p = 0.019) and Der p5 (p = 0.001). Generally, the eczema group was more sensitized to the panel of allergens compared to the asthma group. Individuals with asthma and those with eczema showed different sensitization profiles to HDM. These findings highlighted possible mechanisms for different manifestation of allergy.
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No data on the relationship between allergic sensitization to animal dander and milk allergens are available in literature in adults. Considering the high rate of allergic sensitization to mammals in atopic adults living in Naples area, we aimed to evaluate if sensitization to milk allergens could be a risk factor for these subjects. From 755 consecutive outpatients examined between May 1 2009 and December 31 2010, we selected those with an immediate skin reaction to animal dander and milk. A clinical history including evaluation of pet exposure, the results of skin-prick tests (SPTs) and specific IgE antibodies for milk allergens were recorded. Among three hundred sixty SPT-positive patients, 140 were sensitized to animal dander (38.9%) and 9 to milk allergens (6.4%). Among one hundred forty patients sensitized to animals only one was sensitized also to milk allergens; among 9 milk-sensitized individuals 5 were allergic also to animal allergens (only one to cow dander) while 4 were not sensitized to mammals. Our results suggest that relationship between allergic sensitization to milk and animal allergens is negligible in adult atopic individuals living in urban area of Naples and that high rate of sensitization to animals is likely to be due to other mechanisms such as direct/indirect exposure, and allergen cross-reactions.
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Result: Specific IgE antibodies were detected in 29/42 (69%) of all the subjects. The sensitization rate was highest for pollen while results for other allergen groups are as follows: pollen 86/127 (66.9%), animal dander 29/127 (22.8%), HDM 11/127 (8.6%) and moulds 2/127 (1.6%). Among allergenic pollen, mixed grasses were the most common cause of sensitization 14/127 (11.0%). Sensitization rate to cat and dog danders are 12/127 (9.4%) and 10/127 (7.9%), while dander from horse 4/127 (3.1%), guinea pig 1/127 (0.8%) and golden hamster 2/127 (1.6%) caused lower rates of sensitization. Pteronyssinus and farinae are the most prevalent indoor sensitizers 4/127 (3.1%) and 7/127 (5.5%). Sensitization to mould is relatively rare 2/127 (1.6%). Conclusion: The results show that even in warm climates, pollen, animal dander and HDM allergens may be important sensitizing allergens. Pollens of local horticultural plants are the main sensitizing allergens among these patients. The practice of greening the country seems to contribute to increased rates of allergic sensitization of persons prone to allergic rhinitis. Local environmental and genetic factors are probably involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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