Poly-o-methylaniline used as a cathode material in rechargeable batteries
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Abstract An appropriate current collector (CC) is crucial for harvesting substantial power in a microbial fuel cell (MFC). In the present study, stainless steel (SS) and titanium wires were used as the CCs for both the anode and cathode of MFC-1 and MFC-2, respectively. Tungsten wire (TW) was used as the anode CC in MFC-3, with SS wire as the cathode CC. In MFC-4, TW was used as the cathode CC with SS wire as the anode CC, and in MFC-5 both electrode CCs were TW. The power density, current density, oxidation current and bio-capacitance were compared to select the best and most cost effective CC material to enhance the power output of MFCs. Maximum power densities (mW/m2) of 32.28, 93.10, 225.38, 210.74, and 234.88 were obtained in MFC-1, MFC-2, MFC-3, MFC-4, and MFC-5, respectively. The highest current density (639.86 mA/m2) and coulombic efficiency (23.12 ± 1.5%) achieved in MFC-5 showed TW to be the best CC for both electrodes. The maximum oxidation current of 7.4 mA and 7 mA and bio-capacitance of 10.3 mF/cm2 and 9.7 mF/cm2 were achieved in MFC-3 and MFC-5, respectively, suggesting TW is the best as the anode CC and SS wire as the cathode CC to reduce MFC fabrication costs.
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Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered promising energy-storage devices owing to the high specific capacity and low cost of the S cathode. However, they suffer from capacity decay and poor coulombic efficiency arising from the dissolution of long-chain polysulfides and their shuttling. A facile and scalable method was developed to directly coat a thin (≈57.3 nm) and porous polyamide (PA) interlayer onto a S cathode by interfacial polymerization. This PA interlayer prevented the shuttling of polysulfides by creating a physical barrier and, through chemical interactions between the amide functionalities of PA and the polysulfides, allowing access to the S electrode by the Li ions. The resulting PA-coated cathode exhibited approximately 64.2 % capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 1 C with only 0.0358 % decay per cycle and a moderate capacity of 1008 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C.
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Power density, electrode potential, coulombic efficiency, and energy recovery in single-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were examined as a function of solution ionic strength, electrode spacing and composition, and temperature. Increasing the solution ionic strength from 100 to 400 mM by adding NaCl increased power output from 720 to 1330 mW/m2. Power generation was also increased from 720 to 1210 mW/m2 by decreasing the distance between the anode and cathode from 4 to 2 cm. The power increases due to ionic strength and electrode spacing resulted from a decrease in the internal resistance. Power output was also increased by 68% by replacing the cathode (purchased from a manufacturer) with our own carbon cloth cathode containing the same Pt loading. The performance of conventional anaerobic treatment processes, such as anaerobic digestion, are adversely affected by temperatures below 30 °C. However, decreasing the temperature from 32 to 20 °C reduced power output by only 9%, primarily as a result of the reduction of the cathode potential. Coulombic efficiencies and overall energy recovery varied as a function of operating conditions, but were a maximum of 61.4 and 15.1% (operating conditions of 32 °C, carbon paper cathode, and the solution amended with 300 mM NaCl). These results, which demonstrate that power densities can be increased to over 1 W/m2 by changing the operating conditions or electrode spacing, should lead to further improvements in power generation and energy recovery in single-chamber, air−cathode MFCs.
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This study presents a constant-current electrolysis technique to remove Ni(II) efficiently from aqueous solution using an electrochemical cell. Three electrodes of aluminum, stainless steel, and graphite were used as cathodes, while rectangular graphite plates were the anode. The effects of solution pH values (0.3–7.0) and applied current density (I = 100–200 A/m2) were investigated. Complete removal of Ni(II) ions was achieved within 12 min using a graphite cathode at pH 1.0 and I = 140 A/m2, which had a current efficiency of 38%. Under the same conditions, more than 99% removal of Ni(II) was obtained from wastewater within 60 min of electrolysis time.
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High-Nickel Cathodes In article number 2201151, Seung Min Kim, Wonyoung Chang and co-workers show that constant-voltage step following constant-current charging to high voltage (4.3 V) entails a periodic cation-mixed state in high-nickel cathode materials, which leads to significant deterioration in electrochemical performance. Only with constant-current charging, does the cathode material maintain its original structure with a non-periodic cation-mixed state. Thus, constant-voltage step should be avoided unless a sufficient voltage margin is maintained for high-nickel cathode materials.
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An organic Solar cell (OSC) with inverted configuration i.e. "FTO/TiO 2 /P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Ag" has been studied using an open source software OghmaNano. The thicknesses of active layer, electron transport layer (ETL), hole transport layer (HTL), cathode, and anode are varied and the corresponding current-voltage characteristics are obtained. After examining the open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), fill-factor (FF), and the power conversion efficiency (PCE), the optimize thicknesses of active layer, ETL, HTL, cathode, and anode are obtained as 200, 40, 40, 10, and 10 nm respectively. A PCE of 5.37% is obtained with the optimized device structure.
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We evaluated methods aimed at improving the performance of full-cell including: i) Presodiating HC by discharging to 0.1 V in half-cell; ii) Presodiating HC by contacting with Na metal; iii) Activating by low current charging at a rate of C/20 initially, iv) Constant current charging to a cutoff voltage of 3.95 V then hold the voltage for 6 hours. The results showed that the cell being charged by low current density did not exhibit feasible work while the cell (iv) displayed an improvement in capacity while the cell (i) and the cell (ii) both are better in terms of Coulombic efficiency.
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