Integrated optofluidic Mach–Zehnder interferometer based on liquid core waveguides
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We report the fabrication and the characterization of an integrated optofluidic Mach–Zehnder interferometer based on liquid core waveguides. The light is confined inside a low refractive index liquid core by antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide. Several asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometers have been realized with standard silicon technology. An optical characterization of the devices has been carried out by measuring the spectrum of optical transmitted intensity from two different Mach–Zehnder configurations. The results show that interferometers with a good visibility can be achieved in good agreement with the theoretical results.Keywords:
Waveguide
A fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer with multimode fibers has been constructed, in which the fringe shift is detected by a spatial filtering detector. In this interferometer, throughput is much greater than in interferometers using single-mode fibers, but speckles disturb detection of the fringe shift. We have overcome this disadvantage by computer software; the interferometer measured temperature and a sensitivity of 72.3 +/- 1.2 fringes/ degrees C . m was obtained.
Interferometric visibility
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We present an effective technique to characterize silicon waveguide geometry by using Mach-Zehnder interferometers. The technique can independently estimate SOI thickness and waveguide width from the analysis of two simple interferometers. The results agree with standard metrology using ellipsometry and SEM microscopy, and allows the characterization of proximity effects too.
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Slot waveguides are becoming more and more attractive optical components, especially for chemical and bio-chemical sensing. Polymeric double slot waveguide for photonics sensor based on integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer was designed, simulated and studied in this work. The polymeric double slot waveguide was designed on commercial OrmoComp polymer platform and operated at visible 632.8 nm wavelength. Designed polymeric slot waveguide detects the refractive index change of the ambient material by evanescent field label-free techniques. The motivation for the reported work was to design a low-cost polymeric double slot waveguide for sensing arms of integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer optical sensor with reduced temperature dependency in comparison to silicon photonics platform. The minimal dimensions of double slot waveguide structure were designed for researcher direct laser writing fabrication by nonlinear two-photon polymerization. The normalized effective refractive index changes of TE and TM fundamental modes in polymeric strip, double slot and double slot with high refractive index covering waveguides were compared. The sensitivity of the normalized effective refractive index changes of TE and TM fundamental modes on refractive index changes of the ambient material was investigated by glucose-water solutions.
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A silicon Mach-Zehnder interferometer is designed, fabricated and experimentally demonstrated for the C-band. Several interferometers were designed with different free spectral ranges. The influence of the waveguide width was carefully analyzed with respect to the performance of the interferometer and a study about the deviation of the design parameters of the waveguide was made.
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Until now almost all the lateral shearing interferometers have been based on the Mach-Zehnder or Jamin interferometers. Many of these modifications are useful in optical testing, interference microscopy, etc. A simple lateral shearing interferometer is devised using the Michelson interferometer as the basis. This consists of essentially two right angle prisms put together. These prisms are cemented together to have fixed shear. Also, an interferometer of variable shear is built by having a thin layer of oil between the prisms. The interferometer is used in optical testing by placing it in the focal region of an optical system.
Shearing interferometer
Interferometric visibility
Shearing (physics)
Intensity interferometer
Interference microscopy
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We report the fabrication and the characterization of an integrated optofluidic Mach–Zehnder interferometer based on liquid core waveguides. The light is confined inside a low refractive index liquid core by antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide. Several asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometers have been realized with standard silicon technology. An optical characterization of the devices has been carried out by measuring the spectrum of optical transmitted intensity from two different Mach–Zehnder configurations. The results show that interferometers with a good visibility can be achieved in good agreement with the theoretical results.
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The paper presents a model of a planar broadband differential waveguide interferometer with a gradient refractive index distribution. Its response to the change in the refractive index of the waveguide cover layer is presented. The analysis was performed for the wavelength range from 0.5um to 0.7um. The orthogonal TE0 and TM0 modes propagating in this wavelength range are considered. The influence of the coverage refractive index change on the output characteristics of the system is shown. Full Text: PDF ReferencesP. Kozma, F. Kehl, E.Ehrentreich-Forster, C. Stamm and F.F. Bier, "Integrated planar optical waveguide interferometer biosensors: A comparative review", Biosens. Bioelectron. 58, 287 (2014), CrossRef M. Kitsara, K. Misiakos, I. Raptis, and E. Makarona, "Integrated optical frequency-resolved Mach-Zehnder interferometers for label-free affinity sensing", Opt. Express 18, 8193 (2010). CrossRef K. Misiakos, I. Raptis, A. Salapatas, E. Makarona, A. Bostials, et al., "Broad-band Mach-Zehnder interferometers as high performance refractive index sensors: Theory and monolithic implementation", Opt. Express 22, 8856 (2014). CrossRef K. Misiakos, I. Raptis, E. Makarona, A. Botsialas, A. Salapatas, et al, "All-silicon monolithic Mach-Zehnder interferometer as a refractive index and bio-chemical sensor", Opt. Express 22, 26803 (2014) CrossRef K. Misiakos, E. Makarona, M. Hoekman, R. Fyrogenis, K. Tukkiniemi, et al., "All-Silicon Spectrally Resolved Interferometric Circuit for Multiplexed Diagnostics: A Monolithic Lab-on-a-Chip Integrating All Active and Passive Components", ACS Photonics 6, 1694 (2019). CrossRef E. Makarona, A. Salapatas, I. Raptis, P. Petrou, S. Kakabakos, et al., "Broadband Young interferometry for simultaneous dual polarization bioanalytics", J Opt Soc Am B 34, 1691 (2017). CrossRef K. Gut, "Broad-band difference interferometer as a refractive index sensor", Opt. Express 25, 3111 (2017), CrossRef K. Gut, "Study of a Broadband Difference Interferometer Based on Low-Cost Polymer Slab Waveguides", Nanomaterials 9, 729 (2019), CrossRef T. Pustelny, J. Ignac-Nowacka and Z. Opilski, "Optical investigations on layered metalphthalocyanine nanostructures affected by NO2 applying the surface plasmon resonance method", Opt. Appl. 34, 563 (2004). CrossRef W. Lukosz, Sensor Actuat. B-Chem. "Integrated optical chemical and direct biochemical sensors", 29, 37 (1995). CrossRef Z. Qi, S. Xia and N. Matsuda, "Spectropolarimetric interferometer based on single-mode glass waveguides", Opt. Express, 16, 2245 (2008). CrossRef K. Gut, A. Zakrzewski, T. Pustelny, "Sensitivity of Polarimetric Waveguide Interferometer for Different Wavelengths", Acta Phys. Pol. 118, 1140 (2010). CrossRef J.E. Broquin, S. Honkanen, "Integrated Photonics on Glass: A Review of the Ion-Exchange Technology Achievements", Appl.Sci. 11, 4472 (2021). CrossRef G.C. Righini, J. Linares, "Active and Quantum Integrated Photonic Elements by Ion Exchange in Glass", Appl.Sci. 11, 5222 (2021). CrossRef
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Free spectral range
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A high-visibility integrated optofluidic Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on liquid-core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides is reported. The device's geometry has been optimized to minimize the intensity imbalance between the two arms for highly unbalanced Mach-Zehnder configurations. This results in a very compact device with a total length of only 2.5 mm and with required liquid volume of about 0.16 nl. High visibility is demonstrated for two interferometers corresponding to different sensing lengths. The devices have been optically characterized, and the measured interference fringes in the transmitted spectra show good agreement with the theoretical ones.
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A biprism is used to combine identical spatially incoherent wavefronts that have been split by an amplitude splitting interferometer such as the Mach-Zehnder. The performance of this composite interferometer is evaluated by tracing the chief ray through parallel optical systems using Snell's law and trigonometry. Fringes formed in spatially incoherent light with this optical system are compared with those formed using the Mach-Zehnder and grating interferometers. It is shown that the combination can exhibit extended source fringe formation capability greatly exceeding that of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
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