Determination of Ballistic Limits of GLARE 5 Fiber-Metal Laminates: The Influences of Geometry, Thickness and Stacking Sequence
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In this paper, GLARE 5 fiber-metal laminates (FMLs) of two different geometries: 152.4mm×101.6mm (6″×4″) plate and 254mm×25.4mm (10″×1″) beam and with various thicknesses and stacking sequences were impacted by a 0.22 caliber bullet-shaped projectile using a high-speed gas gun. Velocities of the projectile along the ballistic trajectory were measured at different locations. For both geometries, the incident projectile impact velocity versus the residual velocity was plotted and numerically fitted according to the classical Lambert–Jonas equation for the determination of ballistic limit velocity, V50. The results showed that V50 varied in a parabolic trend with respect to the metal volume fraction (MVF) and the specimen thickness for both geometries. It was found that by changing the geometry from a plate to a beam, the ballistic limit velocity increased. On the other hand, changing the stacking sequence had a less pronounced effect on V50 for both geometries. The quasi-isotropic beam and plate specimens offered relatively higher ballistic limit velocities compared to other types of stacking sequences in their own geometrical groups. Furthermore, the cross-ply and unidirectional beam specimens showed relatively higher V50 compared to their plate counterparts. Experimental results showed that the ballistic limit was almost the same for the quasi-isotropic layup FMLs of both plate and beam geometries.Keywords:
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Ballistic limit
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In this present work, the ballistic resistance of GFRP composite was investigated against 7.52 mm diameter hemispherical nose shaped projectile. The impact tests have been recreated by doing three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis on LS DYNA code. The numerical outcomes such as residual and ballistic limit velocity have been found to have close connection with the test results available in literature. The residual velocity of projectile, ballistic limit velocity and energy retaining limit and failure of the composite have additionally been discussed with changing target thickness and projectile impact angles. From the numerical outcomes, it is clear that the target thicknesses and impact angle of projectile shows critical contribution on the ballistic resistance of the target.
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The ballistic resistance of mild steel plates has been studied against 7.62 AP projectiles through numerical simulations using ABAQUS/Explicit commercial finite element package. The projectiles were impacted on 4.7, 6, 10, 12, 16, 20 and 25 mm thick target plates at varying incidence angles. The material parameters proposed by authors for the Johnson–Cook model were used to predict the material behavior of target, while the material behavior of projectile was incorporated from the available literature. The numerical results thus obtained have been compared with the experiments available in the literature. The experimental and numerical results with respect to failure mechanism, residual projectile velocity, and maximum angle for perforation and the effect of configurations on spacing and critical angle of ricochet have been compared. A close correlation between the experimental findings and the predicted results has been found. In general, the resistance of target has been found to increase with an increase in target obliquity. The critical angle of the projectile ricochet has been found to decrease with an increase in target thickness. The ballistic limit for all given thicknesses of mild steel targets has also been obtained numerically. The ballistic limit thus obtained has been used to calibrate the Recht–Ipson empirical model for calculating the residual projectile velocity corresponding to a given incidence velocity. Simulations were also done for three-layered target of 4.7- and 6-mm-thick plate and spacing was varied to study its effect on their ballistic resistance. The variation of spacing at normal impact was found to have an influence as long as the spacing was smaller than the projectile length.
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This paper analyses the impact behavior of Inconel 718 through experimental and numerical approach. Different conical projectiles were tested in order to obtain the ballistic curves and failure mechanisms. A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model corresponding to the experimental tests was developed using the Johnson–Cook constitutive model. The experimental data (residual velocities, global, and local perforation mechanisms) were successfully predicted with the numerical simulations. The influence of the projectile’s nose angle was found to be important when designing ballistic protections. The projectile with the narrowest angle, 40°, developed a ballistic limit approximately 10 m/s lower than the projectile with a 72° nose. The use of double-nose projectile for the same nose angle, 72°, led to a ballistic limit 12 m/s lower than that obtained for the single nose.
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This paper presents the results from experiments and numerical simulations on the ballistic impact of 10 mm thick aramid fabric-epoxy composite laminates by a 7.62 mm armor piercing projectile at varying impact velocities. Post perforated residual velocity (RV), contact duration of projectile with the target and ballistic limit (BL) of composite were simulated using a finite element code HyperWorks-Radioss. Interaction of projectile with composite laminates was captured by high speed video. The predicted ballistic parameter from simulation compared well with the precision experimental results. The simulated energy and stress distribution during impact of projectile on composite laminate showed marked difference with variation in impact velocities (SV). The magnitude and duration of stress as well as the contact force was found to increase when projectile impacted at lower SV thus enhancing the extent of delaminating and the core damage area and the trend was reversed for higher SV. The findings corroborate the bullet inflicted damage of composite laminates experimentally determined by ultrasonic C-scan.
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This paper focuses on the numerical analysis of the ballistic performance of Kevlar®-29 under impact of different double-nosed stepped cylindrical projectiles. Numerical modelling based on finite element method was carried out in order to predict the failure mode of the target as well as the ballistic limit. A detailed analysis of the ballistic limit, failure mode and deformation of the targets due to impact of double-nosed projectiles was developed, discussed and compared with those involved in penetration of single-nosed flat and conical projectiles. Significant influence of the projectile geometry was demonstrated: the lowest ballistic limit was obtained with the conical–conical nose shape projectiles.
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Kevlar
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The aim of this paper is to review design and analysis of bullet resistance jacket projectile penetration. The main energy absorbing mechanisms during ballistic impact are different criteria considered. Delamination, analytical model formation, Experimental, projectile and penetration will be determine impact energy absorbed and initial kinetic energy of the projectile in to target. The material of Kevlar, Twaron, spectra, non-Newtonian’s fluid and natural fibers are used in making bullet proof jacket. Finally, the total energy absorbed by damaged plate is equal to the initial kinetic energy of projectile, ballistic limit of the plate obtained.
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Kevlar
Penetration (warfare)
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Abstract Ballistic impact characteristics on the flat-nose projectile penetrating the concrete and soil compound target are studied. The deformation process and failure zone in the target are described by numerical simulation with finite element software. The results show that penetration depth, residual velocity and deceleration amplitude of flat-nose projectile increase with initial velocity. The features of concrete target after impact are approximately in agreement with experimental results. And the cracks and the tensile crush zone formed during penetration could characterize the damage and failure of target. Meanwhile, terminal ballistic characteristics of flat-nose projectile into single soil layer are studied to compare with that of concrete compound target. The results show that the overload of projectile penetrating hard-soil is only one-third of that of concrete compound target with low velocity. Reversely, the duration of the former is more than five times as long as the latter, and the rebound velocity of projectile penetrating soil medium is greater than the concrete compound target.
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