A Brief Study of the Universe
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Abstract:
In the present study, an oscillatory model of the universe is proposed wherein the universe undergoes a sequence of big bang, expansion, contraction, big bang—repeated ad infinitum. The universe comprises of a “World” and an “Antiworld” in both of which matter operates in the positive time zone and antimatter in the negative time zone. Big bang is predicted as the violent encounter between matter and antimatter. It is suggested that antimatter has negative mass and is hugely abundant. It is also shown why it is extremely rare in spite of its abundance. It is predicted that a built in transformation converts matter to antimatter and vice versa. Finally, it is established that symmetry between matter and antimatter in the universe is maintained throughout.Keywords:
Big Rip
Phantom energy
Flatness problem
In this paper, in the framework of massive bigravity, we study all possible cosmic evolutions by using a method in which the modified Friedmann equation is written in a form where the scale factor evolves like the motion of a particle under a "potential". Massive bigravity provides this potential with the most general mass interaction term which can create new circumstances to find different kinds of cosmological evolutions in the early universe. We classify all possible cosmic evolutions according to the classifications of the energy density as dust, radiation and dust with phantom. Oscillating universe and Einstein static state which exist initially may show a useful property of early universe, obtained in this model, in which the initial singularity is avoided. Bouncing universe extracted in the massive bigravity model can present a reasonable cosmic evolutionary behavior having a big bang initial point with expansion phase and switching to contraction phase leading to final big crunch point. The large-valued graviton mass $m$ in the early times causes a very small $a_{\rm{S}}$ (The Einstein static state scale factor) and $\lambda=\rho_{0}a_{0}^{3}$ a constant parameter constructed of the present day energy density and scale factor, respectively.
Big Rip
Big Crunch
Scale factor (cosmology)
Big Bounce
Phantom energy
Flatness problem
Particle horizon
Cosmological constant
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Abstract We analyze the dynamics of a homogeneous and isotropic universe in the Einstein–Cartan theory of gravity. The coupling between the spin and torsion prevents gravitational singularities and replaces the Big Bang with a nonsingular big bounce, at which the universe transitions from contraction to expansion. We show that a closed universe exists only when the product of the scale factor and temperature is higher than a particular threshold, contrary to a flat universe and an open universe, which are not restricted. During inflation, this product must increase to another threshold, so that the universe can reach dark-energy acceleration.
Flatness problem
Big Rip
Zero-energy universe
Big Bounce
Phantom energy
Particle horizon
Big Crunch
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Abstract Mass energy is created or destroyed according to ‘the law of accelerating universe’. The universe didn’t start as infinitely dense and infinitely hot space time and mass energy as stated in the Big Bang model. It started as a ‘Nano Bang’ (‘Micro Bang’, ‘Small Bang’) , with infinitely small mass energy and space time and infinitely small rate of expansion. At the beginning the rate of expansion was infinitely small, or zero. So the universe must ACCELERATE to expand. The accelerating expansion of the universe we observe today is just a continuation of the initial accelerating expansion during the ‘moment’ of the ‘Nano Bang’ and is not due to an ‘initial’ cosmic velocity of the ‘Big Bang’ model. The universe accelerated/ is accelerating not only in its expansion but also in its mass energy content and time. Time itself is accelerating. Thus the long standing paradigm of mass energy conservation should be abandoned. The same force that caused the accelerating expansion of the universe during the moment of the ‘Small Bang’ may be causing the accelerating expansion of the universe we observe today. The total energy of the universe is not zero! It is positive! We are already observing the accelerating expansion of the universe. The law of conservation of mass energy applies only ‘horizontally’ and not ‘vertically’. This means that the law of conservation of mass energy only applies at a specific point in time of the universe. Mass energy at a specific time is conserved and cannot be created or destroyed arbitrarily within a short period of time. Mass energy is created or destroyed according to a certain law of creation and destruction of mass energy: the LAW OF ACCELERATING UNIVERSE or the LAW OF CREATION. Therefore, the accelerating expansion of the universe indicates that the universe came into existence out of nothing, ‘accelerating’ continuously from nothing to something. The universe may not be considered simply as mass energy and space time. We may understand it better as a ’biological’ entity. Just as a living organism is not considered as simply mass energy and space time, the same may apply to the universe. So the universe should have a ‘DNA’, which contains all the information about the structure of the universe at any point in time. At the beginning of the universe, the ‘seed’ of the universe came into existence out of nothing and this seed had its DNA. Thus, birth, growth and death should also be nature of the universe just as these are the nature of living organisms.
Big Rip
Phantom energy
Zero-energy universe
Particle horizon
Big Crunch
Flatness problem
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Birth and end of universe is described in this article. In the birth of our universe, planck scale plays a key role in the initiation of our universe. The Yin-Yang in the origin of universe cause a black hole. The primordial black hole evaporates and starts the big bang and universe inflation. In the end of universe, light pressure causes the dark energy to cause our universe to expand to nearly infinity. And, grand unified equation is obtained from combining Stefan's law, Larmor formula, and Unruh effect.
Phantom energy
Big Rip
Zero-energy universe
Big Crunch
Flatness problem
Big Bounce
Particle horizon
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The following assumptions of the Big Bang theory are challenged and found to be false: the cosmological principle, the assumption that all matter formed at the same time and the assumption regarding the cause of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The evolution of the universe is described based on the conclusion that the universe is finite with a space boundary. This conclusion is reached by ruling out the possibility of an infinite universe or a universe which is finite with no boundary. In a finite universe, the centre of the universe can be located with reference to our home galaxy (The Milky Way) using the speed relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) rest frame and Hubble's law. This places our home galaxy at a distance of approximately 26 million light years from the centre of the universe. Because we are making observations from a point relatively close to the centre of the universe, the universe appears to be isotropic and homogeneous but this is not the case. The CMB is coming from a source located within the event horizon of the universe. There is sufficient mass in the universe to create an event horizon at the Schwarzschild radius. Galaxies form over time due to the energy released by the expansion of space. Conservation of energy must consider total energy which is mass (+ve) plus energy (+ve) plus spacetime curvature (-ve) so that the total energy of the universe is always zero. The predominant position of galaxy formation moves over time from the centre of the universe towards the boundary so that today the majority of new galaxy formation is taking place beyond our horizon of observation at 14 billion light years.
Particle horizon
Flatness problem
Big Rip
Phantom energy
Observable universe
Hubble volume
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This article is about the structure of expanding universe. Here I am trying to create a structural model of universe according to my thoughts. Studies showthat universe is accelerating its rate of expansion. Here I am trying to get some conclusions according to my thoughts. In my opinion, our universe is under a gravitational frame with all the matters in it. In this gravitational frame of universe we can consider our universe as a closed system and the empty space outside the frame as an open system. There are two possibilities we can find. One is relative motion of the objects inside the frame. By this way we can feel the universe is accelerating its expansion, but it is not. Another one is the vacuum energy absorption and negative pressure inside the frame. According to this thought, we can say that universe is accelerating and it can continue its motion at present conditions on it, even the force created by the big bang is decreasing. The other point is that, once the absorbed vacuum can create a negative pressure inside the frame, there is no need for the concept of dark energy in our universe [1]. According to this model, negative pressure inside the frame will be created by the absorbed vacuum from the space. So the existence of dark energy can be questioned. In this model, dark energy doesn't play any role in the expansion or rate of acceleration on the expansion of universe. So the dark energy doesn’t exist in this model. During the absorption of vacuum to the frame, it will increase the volume of the frame. It will create free spaces inside the frame to accommodate the vacuum inside the frame. The rest of the absorbed vacuum will move to the center of the frame by the action against gravity and the force created by the big bang. It will increase the density of the absorbed vacuum in the center and can create the negative pressure on the frame to pull it outside to the empty space. It will cause the acceleration on expansion of universe. These things are explained deeply in this article. And here it also explains the destiny of universe according to the frame and expansion of universe.
Zero-energy universe
Phantom energy
Particle horizon
Big Rip
Flatness problem
Observable universe
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In the present study, an oscillatory model of the universe is proposed wherein the universe undergoes a sequence of big bang, expansion, contraction, big bang—repeated ad infinitum. The universe comprises of a “World” and an “Antiworld” in both of which matter operates in the positive time zone and antimatter in the negative time zone. Big bang is predicted as the violent encounter between matter and antimatter. It is suggested that antimatter has negative mass and is hugely abundant. It is also shown why it is extremely rare in spite of its abundance. It is predicted that a built in transformation converts matter to antimatter and vice versa. Finally, it is established that symmetry between matter and antimatter in the universe is maintained throughout.
Big Rip
Phantom energy
Flatness problem
Cite
Citations (0)
The Big Bang theory basically states that the universe is expanding and that there is point that there could be a critical density at which the universe could go on expanding forever or crunch. The theory of a rotating universe can also have a critical density is different for rotating universe. To contrast with the big bang theory, a rotating universe would have an equilibrium density. In fact, the particular rotating universe that this theory deals with is that our universe may be in equilibrium with neither contraction or expansion but with kinetic and potential energy. In Sphere Theory of the Universe, the universe is rotating. This rotating universe has mass where parts of it are moving at familiar velocities and some are moving at relativistic velocities. Size itself is confused, in that nothing really travels in a straight line, and therefore we are trying to weed out these problems in calculating the size of the universe. It appears that light itself travels in a spiral, which is controlled by gravitational forces. The observed quantities of particles are further complicated in that the relativistic velocities make the quantities of particles look higher. The concentrations of particles are highest at the center of the sphere, but the rotation imparts energy that makes things look like the concentration is mostly uniform. This paper tries to sort out these problems and present a Mass, Size, and Equilibrium Density of the Universe. The mass of the universe, which would include matter, dark matter, and dark energy. There is still some work to figure exactly what is going on the potential and kinetic energy. The equilibrium appears to be about 8.01*10^-25 kilograms per meter cubed. The spinning universe iuch denser than an expanding universe. The radius of the spinning universe is much smaller than an expanding universe at 3.1 billion light years, but light gets bent as it travels out to the edge of the universe.
Big Rip
Big Crunch
Flatness problem
Particle horizon
Phantom energy
Zero-energy universe
Big Bounce
Observable universe
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Recent observations of Type Ia supernovae provide evidence for the acceleration of our universe, which leads to the possibility that the universe is entering an inflationary epoch. We simulate it under a ``big bounce'' model, which contains a time variable cosmological ``constant'' that is derived from a higher dimension and manifests itself in 4D spacetime as dark energy. By properly choosing the two arbitrary functions contained in the model, we obtain a simple exact solution in which the evolution of the universe is divided into several stages. Before the big bounce, the universe contracts from a $\Lambda $-dominated vacuum, and after the bounce, the universe expands. In the early time after the bounce, the expansion of the universe is decelerating. In the late time after the bounce, dark energy (i.e., the variable cosmological ``constant'') overtakes dark matter and baryons, and the expansion enters an accelerating stage. When time tends to infinity, the contribution of dark energy tends to two third of the total energy density of the universe, qualitatively in agreement with observations.
Big Rip
Phantom energy
Cosmological constant
Flatness problem
Particle horizon
Zero-energy universe
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Citations (11)
As known that if there is evolution, there’s extinction too. Hence, if there’s a birth and death. As known from the Big Bang that the universe started from the Singularity. Hence the destruction of the universe should be such that the final end of the universe be a singularity. If so, how will this Universe end?
Big Rip
Flatness problem
Phantom energy
Big Bounce
Big Crunch
Particle horizon
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