Molecular, biological, and antigenic characterization of a Border disease virus isolated from a pig during classical swine fever surveillance in Japan
Makoto NagaiHiroshi AokiYoshihiro SakodaTakashi KozasaKaho Tominaga-TeshimaJunki MineYuri AbeTomokazu TamuraTsubasa KobayashiKaoru NishineKentaro TateishiYudai SuzukiMai FukuharaKeitaro OhmoriReiko TodakaKazuhiko KatayamaTetsuya MizutaniShigeyuki NakamuraHiroshi KidaJunsuke Shirai
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In the current study, molecular, biological, and antigenic analyses were performed to characterize Border disease virus (BDV) strain FNK2012-1 isolated from a pig in 2012 in Japan. The complete genome comprises 12,327 nucleotides (nt), including a large open reading frame of 11,685 nt. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that FNK2012-1 was clustered into BDV genotype 1 with ovine strains. FNK2012-1 grew in porcine, bovine, and ovine primary cells and cell lines, but grew better in bovine and ovine cells than in porcine cells. Specific pathogen-free pigs inoculated with FNK2012-1 did not show any clinical signs. Noninoculated contact control pigs also did not show clinical signs and did not seroconvert. The results suggest that FNK2012-1 may be of ruminant origin and is poorly adapted to pigs. Such observations can provide important insights into evidence for infection and transmission of BDV, which may be of ruminant origin, among pigs.Keywords:
Domestic pig
Classical swine fever
Abstract Background Currently, larger domestic pigs are only animals widely used in vaccine evaluation and pathogenicity study of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). This study was aimed to create an alternative animal experimental infection model of CSFV. Results Twenty specific-pathogen-free Bama miniature pigs were randomly divided into two groups and rooms, infected and non-infected, and the pigs in the infected group were inoculated intramuscularly with 10 4 , 10 5 or 10 6 TCID 50 (median tissue culture infective dose) CSFV Shimen strain ( n = 5 × 3) or left uninoculated to serve as in-contact pigs ( n = 3). The uninfected control pigs ( n = 2) were housed in a separate room. Clinical signs, body temperature, viraemia, tissue antigen distribution, pathological changes and seroconversion were monitored. Clinical signs were observed as early as 2 days post-inoculation (dpi) in all infected pigs (though mild in contact pigs), but not non-infected control pigs. All inoculated pigs showed viraemia by 6 dpi. The in-contact pigs showed lower levels of viraemia. At 10 dpi, seroconversion was noted in five of the 15 inoculated pigs. All inoculated or one in-contact pigs died by 15 dpi. Conclusions These results show that Bama miniature pigs support productive CSFV infection and display clinical signs and pathological changes consistent with CSFV infections observed in larger domestic pigs.
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Classical swine fever
Domestic pig
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To determine why serum from small ruminants infected with ruminant pestiviruses reacted positively to classical swine fever virus (CSFV)-specific diagnostic tests, we analyzed 2 pestiviruses from Turkey. They differed genetically and antigenically from known Pestivirus species and were closely related to CSFV. Cross-reactions would interfere with classical swine fever diagnosis in pigs.
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Cattle Diseases
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Wild boar
Classical swine fever
Subclinical infection
Domestic pig
BOAR
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Classical swine fever
Animal Husbandry
African Swine Fever
Domestic pig
Disease Control
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Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious multi-systemic haemorrhagic viral disease of pigs. Not only domestic pigs, but also wild boar appear to play a crucial role in the epidemiology of CSF. Spleen (n = 739) and blood coagulum (n = 562) sampled from wild boars (Sus scrofa) shot in 2002, and serum samples from 746 wild boar shot in 2003 and 2004, were tested throughout Slovenia. In 2002, 17 samples were positive on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for antibodies against classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Positive ELISA test was confirmed by a virus neutralization test. All other samples were negative. This is the first report that describes the epidemiology of CSFV from 2002 on, and the monitoring of the wild boar population in Slovenia at present.
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Classical swine fever
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Abstract We analyzed the pathogenicity of a recent Japanese classical swine fever virus (CSFV) to wild boars via an experimental infection using boar-pig hybrids as an alternative to wild boars. We also investigated the effectiveness of a bait vaccine against the CSFV. Naïve boar-pig hybrids and pigs showed clinical signs such as fever, leucopenia, anorexia and conjunctivitis following the experimental infection. In contrast, the boar-pig hybrids administered the bait vaccine did not show any clinical signs. Our data indicated that boar-pig hybrids and domestic pigs have similar susceptibility to the recent Japanese CSFV. Additionally, the bait vaccine is effective against the CSFV.
Classical swine fever
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Classical swine fever (CSF) is considered to be one of the most important viral diseases in pigs worldwide. In many parts of the world great efforts are being undertaken to reduce economic losses caused by CSF or to eradicate the disease. Among the member states of the European Union (EU) a harmonized strategy for diagnosis, control and eradication of CSF is applied. Success of the common strategy is documented by the decreasing number of outbreaks during the last decade. The present article summarizes the recent situation concerning CSF in Europe with special focus on the situation in the EU member states. In particular, outbreaks in domestic pigs and wild boar, the identified virus isolates, and eradication and monitoring programs actually performed in the EU are described. Despite achieved progress towards eradication, CSF remains a continuous threat to the European pig and wild boar population. After introduction of CSF virus (CSFV) into the domestic pig population rapid spread as a consequence of high frequency of animal movements and intensive trade within Europe can be suspected. Platforms like the CSF sequence database and the CSF in wild boar surveillance database have been implemented as tools to easily exchange information concerning CSF. The improved availability of data about circulating CSFV isolates will help to elucidate possible sources of virus introduction and to better understand routes of virus transmission.
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Infections with Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) are a major economic threat to pig production. To combat CSF outbreaks and to maintain trade, new marker vaccines were developed that allow differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA principle). The chimeric pestivirus CP7_E2alf was shown to be safe and efficacious. Its DIVA strategy is based on the detection of CSFV E rns -specific antibodies that are only developed on infection. However, for the new marker vaccine to be considered a valuable control tool, a validated discriminatory assay is needed. One promising candidate is the already commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, PrioCHECK CSFV E rns ELISA (Prionics BV, Lelystad, The Netherlands). Four laboratories of different European Union member states tested 530 serum samples and country-specific field sera from domestic pigs and wild boar. The ELISA displayed a good robustness. However, based on its reproducibility and repeatability, ranges rather than single values for diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were defined. The ELISA displayed a sensitivity of 90–98% with sera from CSFV-infected domestic pigs. A specificity of 89–96% was calculated with sera from domestic pigs vaccinated once with CP7_E2alf. The ELISA detected CSFV infections in vaccinated domestic pigs with a sensitivity of 82–94%. The sensitivity was lower with sera taken ≤21 days post-challenge indicating that the stage of CSFV infection had a considerable influence on testing. Taken together, the PrioCHECK CSFV E rns ELISA can be used for detection of CSFV infections in CP7_E2alf-vaccinated and nonvaccinated domestic pig populations, but should only be applied on a herd basis by testing a defined number of animals.
Classical swine fever
Diva
Pseudorabies
Wild boar
Pestivirus
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Worldwide, CSFV is considered to be one of the most important swine pathogens, which is systematically controlled in a majority of countries. The disease is important because the virus can become widespread and cause a high mortality, especially in young pig populations. Classical swine fever virus can be phylogenetically categorized into three different major genetic groups and several subgroups. Within each subgroup, different strains with variation in virulence can be distinguished. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of CSF virus in domestic pigs. To realize this study 914 organ samples and 168 blood samples were collected from domestic pig, in 18 regions. Control was primarily aimed at rural areas, but without excluding concentrated swine growth complexes. There is also an attempt to detect CSFV also in wild boars. Were collected 30 samples from wild boars. Samples from them were collected during free hunting mostly in North of the country. Organ samples were tested with ELISA Ag (Prio - Check - CSFV Ag), based on the principle of double antibody sandwich for early detection of viral proteins and identification of disease prior appearing clinical signs. Serum samples were tested with ELISA Ab (HerdCheck Ag/serum IDEXX). For virus isolation was performed inoculation of pathological material in the cell line PK 15 (Porcine Kidney 15), sensitive to CSF virus. 36 organ samples (3.9%) collected from domestic pigs resulted doubtful-pozitive. Positive resulted samples were sent for confirmation of CSF in the EU Reference, Hannover, Germany, and all of them were confirmed negative. No
Classical swine fever
Domestic pig
Pestivirus
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The pygmy hog is a rare, small and highly endangered mammal belonging to the Suidae family, and it is presently found only in the Assam state of India. While investigating the cause of death of pygmy hogs housed at a conservation centre for captive breeding and research at Basistha, Assam, it was confirmed that they were susceptible to and died as a result of contracting classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), which is a highly infectious endemic disease of domestic pigs in India. The post-mortem findings and serum CSFV-specific antibody titres, along with the isolation of CSFV from two pygmy hogs, and further confirmation by CSFV genomic E2 and 5' untranslated region (UTR) gene amplification in PCR (polymerase chain reaction), clearly established the cause of death of the pygmy hogs. Further, on phylogenetic analysis, the pygmy hog CSFV 5' UTR sequences were grouped in the genotype 1.1 cluster of Indian CSFVs, and hence the strains causing infection were closely related to CSFV isolates circulating in domestic pigs. Therefore, the occurrence of CSF in this endangered species may pose a potent threat to their existence unless properly controlled, and thus it needs urgent attention. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report on CSF in pygmy hogs.
Classical swine fever
Domestic pig
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