The complement system and inflammation
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Complement
The chapter provides a complete insight into the functioning and mechanisms of the Complement proteins of vertebrate immune system. The chapter covers historical aspect, components and features, the details of the three pathways for complement activation leading to formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) with the help of explanatory diagrams and flowcharts. The chapter also explains the various mechanisms involved in regulation of complement system functioning and MAC formation. The last part of this chapter deals with various diseases caused due to genetic deficiency of the complement system proteins and explains the resultant pathologies. Some interesting facts about the complement protein system are also included in the chapter.
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The complement system plays an important role in defence of the host against infection and in the clearance of immune complexes. Defects in complement proteins are often associated with infections or auto/immune complex diseases. Investigation of complement is useful for diagnosis and following of auto-immune diseases. The aim of this Article is to provide an overview of important applications of complement in medicine, emphasizing the role of complement in pathogenesis and the usefulness of measurements of complement proteins in diagnosis and assessment of the evolution of disease states. Emphasis has been placed on practical applications and understanding basic mechanisms of disease. The best screen for complement deficiencies or significant activation is the CH50, which measures total classical pathway activity and the measurement of C3 and C4. The absence or decrease of multiple components is usually due to consumption of complement. Complete lack of CH50 associated with normal C3 antigen is a strong indication for complement deficiency and should be followed up with further tests to determine which component is missing.
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Complement deficiency
Pathogenesis
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Complement
Lytic cycle
Complement control protein
Complement C1q
Model system
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Measurement of complement in clinical medicine is traditionally based on the determination of CH50 and immunochemical and/or functional measurement of complement proteins C1q, factor B, C3 and C4. The interpretation of these measurements, as far as complement activation is concerned, can however be difficult as these tests do not allow to discriminate between consumption due to activation, hereditary deficiency, increased rate of synthesis or even hyposynthesis. This explains why their use as markers of evolutivity in diseases where complement activation is occurring has given variable results. New tests for complement activation have been more recently introduced. These are mainly the measurements of the anaphytotoxins, the degradation products of C3 and the membrane attack complex. As these tests reflect more directly complement activation, they may be more reliable markers. The immunochemical and functional measurements of C1-inhibitor are of special interest as they are the tests which allow definitive diagnosis of the hereditary angio-oedema. General principles for the interpretation of the different tests used to evaluate the complement system are presented and discussed.
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Complement factor B
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The structure of X+Tou is a special verb-complement phrase.This paper studies and summarizes on the part of speech and signification of Tou in X+Tou applied as complement,words followed by Tou as complement,structure of the sentence with complement of Tou,semantic orientation of complement of Tou.
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The biological role of the complement system and the clinical importance of complement measurements.
Properties of serum proteins belonging to the complement system, two pathways of the complement activation (classical and alternative pathway) as well as the physiological role of the complement system are discussed. Complement has essential importance in some physiological processes: In the induction of the humoral immune response, in the elimination of immune complexes and in the protection against bacterial and viral infections. After a short discussion of the genetics of the complement system, the principle and possibilities of clinical applications of the complement measurements are described. Finally, different approaches to the therapeutic manipulation of the complement system are discussed.
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Complement component 2
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Research teaching method is the fundamental of cultivating creative talents.In this paper,research teaching methods have been discussed based on a teaching case about two's complement representation of signed numbers.The principles about complement system are explained in detail by introducing the concept of complement,the rules of complement,the calculation of complement,and the application aspects of the complement system.On the basis of the curriculum contents and the knowledge of students,we guide students actively thinking,develop their learning interests,and improve students'abilities about problem-finding,problem-research and problem-solving.Finally,some views are presented in this paper about research teaching methods.
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Representation
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The verb-complement phrase has been a great difficulty in TCSL because of its complexity.If the cohesive-form is regarded as part-of-speech and the combinative-form as phrase,there will accordingly be fewer kinds of complement;on the other hand,the classifiers will be defined when form and meaning are integrated more closely.As a result the complement system will only comprise three kinds: result-complement,amount-complement and degree-complement.The author argues that this approach can both avoid unnecessary disputes and simplify the related teaching.
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This chapter will describe various approaches and laboratory tests which have been employed to analyze the reaction mechanisms of the complement system and to demonstrate its involvement in model systems and in human diseases. Emphasis will be placed on new assay systems which detect specific features of the activated complement system. In addition to the unequivocal demonstration of complement activation, such assays are highly sensitive and have the ability to detect and quantitate low levels of complement activation in the circulation, in tissues, or in vitro.
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Abstract Cobra venom factor is a highly effective complement-activating agent in vivo by virtue of its ability to trigger the C3b feedback cycle. An investigation has been made to see whether triggering of the C3b feedback cycle by activated autologous complement components could similarly provide a mechanism for in vivo complement activation. It has been found that C4oxy2 added to serum triggers the C3b feedback cycle, effectively in vitro. Similar C3b, Bb can be used as the triggering enzyme. Experiments have been performed in vivo in rats showing that significant complement activation accompanied by the leukocyte changes characteristic of CVF treatment can be produced with the altered complement components. Such techniques promise to be applicable to complement (in)activation in vivo in man.
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